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Proteins and Membranes How the Parts of Cells are Put Together Review of Last Time…. Where is the Genetic Material Located? In the mitochondria In the nucleus Distribution of Genetic Material How the DNA is Packaged Genes Can Be Made in Two Directions Basic Gene Regulation Initiation of Transcription mRNA Structure is Different in Eucaryotes versus Procaryotes There are Multiple Levels at which Proteins Production is Controlled Sequence of Protein Dictates its Folding Pattern Primary Protein Sequence Secondary Protein Structure is Due to Hydrogen Bonding Beta sheet Hydrogen bonding Alpha helix Higher-order Structure of Proteins Disulfide bonds are also important in protein structure Proteins Can be Built from Modular “Domains” Genes can evolve by the combining and swapping of domains Proteins Can Assemble into Higher-order Structures Example:Intermediate Filaments Intermediate filaments are structural elements within eucaryotic cells Assembly of Intermediate Filaments Tubulin Assembly Microtubule Dynamics QuickTime™ and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Focal Adhesion Structure Focal Adhesions The Cell as a Factory Energy production Project management Data retrieval Data storage Data management Data processing Shipping Waste management Routing Facilities Transportation Communications Manufacturing Packaging Machine shop Bacteria Also Have Complex Structure Eucaryotic Cells Distinguished by Complex Membrane-bound Compartments Proteins Must Be Sorted to the Correct Location to do Their Jobs CYTOSOL NUCLEUS Proteins are made on ribosomes, which are in the cytosol PEROXISOME MITOCHONDRIA PLASTIDS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM SECRETORY VESICLES ENDOSOMES CELL SURFACE = gated transport = transmembrane transport = vesicular transport GOLGI LYSOSOMES KEY: The Golgi Apparatus Packages Proteins for Export Routes of Protein Export High mannose trimmed back High mannose CHO added Membranes are Made From Lipids • Can form bilayer structure spontaneously • Considered the solvent for integral membrane proteins • Serve as substrates for biochemical and signaling reactions Lipids are Amphipathic Diverse Lipid Structures Phospholipids Glycolipids Fluid Mosaic Model of Biological Membranes • Singer and Nicolson (1972) synthesized a variety of results that implied the unit membrane is a fluid and contains proteins as integral components • Today we recognize fluidity restrictions and local membrane domains (Domain Mosaic Model) Membrane Proteins About 1/3 of higher eucaryotic gene products are membrane proteins Proteins Contain Signals Necessary to Reach the Correct Location Membrane Transport: Carriers, Pumps, and Channels • • Carriers and channels facilitate diffusion across membranes Carriers can also be involved in active transport, which requires energy expenditure either directly or indirectly Membrane Ion Pumps • Couple the energy released by ATP hydrolysis to the formation of transmembrane electrochemical gradients • Examples, H-Pump from Neurospora crassa, Ca-Pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum, Na,K-ATPase Structure of Neurospora H-ATPase at 8 Å Proposed Gating Transition Web Links http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/7001main.html http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/~davis/Bioinfo_326/main.html http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/