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Behavioral Responses Plant Responses Phototropism:* growth response to light o Cells elongate (grow) on the dark side & less on the light side In response to auxin (plant hormone); transported from tip down stem, changes acidity of wall causing growth Gravitropism:* growth in response to gravity o Organelles settle to bottom, growth of bottom of cell inhibited or top promoted Thigmotropism:* directional growth in response to touch o Tendrils coiling, use objects as support to grow Photoperiodism:* response to light, determines time of year o Circadian rhythm:* innate cycle of about 24 hrs, controlled by biological clock o Phytochrome:* protein in leaves, contain light absorbing components. o Short Day Plants: flower after late summer, prefer long nights Require long uninterrupted darkness beyond a critical length to flower At night phytochrome is Pr & dawn breaks Pfr , night Pfr degrades & Pr made o Long Day Plants: flower early spring, prefer short nights Require nights shorter than a critical length to flower Prefer nights interrupted with red light (perceived as short length night) o Disappearance of Pfr may signal night & appearance of day to regulate circadian rhythms by resetting clock Animal Behavior Behavior: a response to a stimulus o Results from genes (evolves) and environment o Survival values: reason for the behavior; helps individuals or species survive. Foraging, Defensive, Parental Care, Courtship, Migratory & Territorial Innate Behavior* http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/images/gray.mov o Programmed in genes o Performed the same by all individuals of the same species o Fixed Action Pattern:* set sequence of behaviors that continues to completion once triggered Does not respond to feedback Sign stimulus:* triggers an FAP, cue in the environment, AKA releaser o Reflex: single movement of one body part o Taxis:* movement of whole body, either toward or away from a stimulus Learned Behavior: change in behavior because of experience o Not all behaviors begun late in life are learned, results from maturation o Social, observational or modeling: watching the behavior of others o Insight/reasoning: responding correctly the first time by gaining insight through unrelated previous experience o Habituation:* learning to ignore an unimportant repeated stimulus – prevents wasting energy o Imprinting:* learning programmed to occur during a specific time very early in life – called sensitive period Konrad Lorenz, gosling o Associative Learning:* links one stimulus with another, changing behavior in response Classical Conditioning: replace natural stimulus with artificial one, response remains the same ▫ Ivan Pavlov & his dog Operant conditioning (trial and error):* increase or decrease a behavior by following it with a reward or punishment ▫ BF Skinner & Skinner box Social Behavior:* interaction of organisms of the same species Communication: transmission of information between individuals Agnostic Behavior:* series of threats and actual combat to settle disputes – centered over resources (mates, food, territory) o Courtship: to attract and maintain a mate o Territoriality: protecting an area for exclusive use o Dominance Hierarchy:* aggressive and submissive behaviors that establish and maintain a ranking o Altruism:* self-sacrificing behavior that reduces the fitness of one to benefit the fitness of the population Kin Selection:* individuals help relatives to reproduce rather than producing its own offspring