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echinoderms • Phylum Echinodermata— • General characteristics • Deuterostomous, enterocoelous, triploblastic, eucoelomate • radial symmetry • Often pentaradial symmetry Deuterostomes chapter 34 anatomy anatomy • Endoskeleton composed of • external features • No specialized excretory calcareous ossicles, or plates • Free, articulated or fused • Water-vascular system • coelomic • complex system of canals • Tube feet/ampulla complex organs • Papulae • Oxygen absorbed by tube feet and papulae • madreporite on aboral surface • Pedicellariae • Mostly dioecious • Regeneration taxonomy • Class Asteroidea • many Pedicellariae • suckers on tube feet • Usually carnivorous • gastric eversion • Oral surface down • ambulacrum • Class Echinoidea • Dermal ossicles fused • Pentaradial symmetry • closed ambulacrum • Some move using tube feet • Pedicellariae (some are toxic) • Aristotle’s lantern • Class Ophiuroidea • No pedicellariae, no papulae, no anus • no suckers on tube feet • Articulated ossicles Genitorespiratory bursae • • Class Holothuroidea • biradial or bilateral symmetry • soft body • respiratory tree • “water-lung” • Defense mechanism • expulsion of respiratory trees and other viscera • Class Crinoidea • Oral end upward • Often attached by a stalk • Arms greatly elongated and branched • pinnules chordates • Phylum Chordata—(60,000 species) • General characteristics • Dorsal hollow nerve cord (CNS) • Notochord • Post-anal tail • Pharyngeal slits • endostyle postanal tail Dorsal hollow nerve cord notochord brain metameric muscles pharyngeal slits anus endostyle mouth *Ventral heart, closed circulatory system? tunicates taxonomy • Subphylum Urochordata • motile larval form • Adult sessile (or planktonic); • loses tail + notochord (nerve cord • Subphylum Craniata (alt. name reduced - nerve ganglion above the pharynx) • tunic (cellulose) Incurrent siphon to mouth Water flow Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Excurrent siphon Atrium Notochord Excurrent siphon Tail Excurrent siphon Muscle segments Incurrent siphon Pharynx with slits Intestine Stomach Tunic Atrium Stomach ADULT Pharynx with slits LARVAE Vertebrata) • superclass agnatha • class myxini • class petromyzontes • superclass gnathostomata • class chondrichthyes • class actinopterygii • class sarcopterygii (polyphyletic) • class amphibia • class mammalia • class reptilia • class aves reptilia mammalia amphibia lungfish sarcopterygii gnathostomes other reptiles tetrapods aves agnatha chondrichthyes Phylogeny of the Craniata with the cephalochordata as an outgroup cephalospidomorphi myxini cephalochordata Craniata actinopterygii
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