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Major Cell Organelles
Now, we can turn our focus onto the internal components of most living cells. Remember cellular structure is closely tied to biological function, that is, the function that a
cellular component must complete in order for the cell to survive results in a structure that allows that cellular component to function optimally. I am presenting the organelles
alphabetically, not by importance or abundance.
Organelle
Chloroplast
Present In
! plant cells
Description
! football-shaped
structure with a
highly folded and
stacked internal
membrane
embedded with many
Function
! the enzymes convert sunlight, carbon
dioxide and water into organic
molecules used to store energy for
growth and repair
enzymes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
! both plant
and animal
cells
! a series of
interconnecting
cytoplasmic
channels
! can be rough if
coated with
ribosomes or smooth
if lacking ribosomes
! produce new vacuoles
! separates the cell into specialized areas
(if needed)
! distribute chemicals throughout the
cell
! smooth ER plays a role in lipid
synthesis and lipid digestion
! rough ER plays a significant role in
manufacturing proteins needed by the
cell
Example
Golgi
Apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
! both plant
and animal
cells
! is a series of
flattened sacs
associated with small
vacuoles
! works with the ER and cell membrane
to sort and package chemicals into
vacuoles to move chemicals to where
needed (including out of cells–e.g.
new fingernail)
! animal cells
! surrounded by a
single layer of
phospholipids with a
thin depressed
circular area
! contain digestive enzymes which
protects the cells by keeping them
segregated but can be released when
they fuse with food vacuoles to digest
vacuole contents (including worn out
cellular components)
! both plant
and animal
cells
! bean-shaped
structure with a
highly folded
internal membrane
embedded with
many enzymes
! the enzymes, along with oxygen, break
down food into energy and waste
products
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Vacuole
! both plant
and animal
cells
! typically rounder
structure surrounded
by a nuclear
membrane (lipid
bilayer)
! has pores
! contains
nucleoplasm which
houses DNA
! may contain one or
more nucleoli
! contains the hereditary material,
deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA bound
up in chromatin which periodically
condenses into chromosomes
! chromatin directs the synthesis of
molecules needed by the cell
! chromosomes ensure cell division
! nucleoli are used to manufacture
ribosomes which end up in the
cytoplasm
! both plant
and animal
cells
! small structures
made up of protein
and RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
! can be free within
the cytoplasm but
typically are found
on ER to make it the
rough ER
! produce new protein molecules needed
by the cell
! both plant
and animal
cells
! in animal cells, there
are many small
open-looking
structures
! typically one large
open-looking
structure in plant
cells
! have no distinct
shape but often more
or less round
! temporarily houses food and water
! allow digested nutrients to diffuse out
of the vacuole into the cytoplasm of
the cell as needed
! some vacuoles will contain wastes and
they migrate to the cell membrane to
pinch closed forcing wastes out of the
cell (contractile vacuoles look like a
star as they complete this function)
Prepared by K. Zuber