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Transcript 
Turk
A&P





reproduction
growth and development
mobilization of body defenses
maintenance of electrolytes, water, and
nutrient balance
regulation of cellular metabolism and energy

endocrine



pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal,
pineal, and thymus
exocrine
small intestine,
stomach, kidneys, and
heart

Endocrine Gland
Stimuli
humoral stimuli
 Neural stimuli
 Hormonal stimuli


Nervous System
Modulation



spenoid bone
infundibulum connects it to the hypothalamus
Posterior lobe




Neurohormones
oxcytosin
antidiuretic hormone
anterior lobe – adenohypophysis


TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH
GH and PRL


stimulates uptake of amino acids
stimulates uptake of sulfur





mobilizes fats
decreases glucose uptake and metabolism
growth hormone-releasing hormone
(GHRH)
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
(GHIH)





chondroitin sulfate
Somatostatin
Gigantism
Acromegaly
progeris
pituitary dwarfism



thyrotropin
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
somatostatin




corticotropin
Adenohypophysis
Adrenal cortex
corticosteroid hormones


glucocorticoids
corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)


Stimulates gamete production
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Promotes production of gonadal hormones
 estrogens and progesterone
 Testosterone

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)


Lactotropes
prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

oxytocin


paraventricular nuclei
antidiuretic hormone
supraoptic nucleus
 diabetes insipidus



Isthmus
Thyroglobulin


Colloid
parafollicular cells

Calcitonin
 antagonist to the parathyroid hormone
 lowers blood calcium levels
 inhibits osteoclast activity
 stimulates calcium uptake and incorporation into bone







thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG)
thyroxine
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
hypothyroid disorders
Myxedema
 endemic goiter
 Cretinism
 Graves disease




oxyphil cells
chief cells (principle cells)
parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormone

skeleton
 osteoclasts




kidneys
intestine
Hyperparathyroidism
hypoparathyroidism

inner adrenal medulla


epinephrine and norepinephrine
outer adrenal cortex

aldosterone
 renin-angiotensin mechanism
 Sodium and potassium ions
 ACTH
 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)


cortisol (hydrocortisone)
gonadocorticoids - adrenal sex
hormones


Cushing’s disease
Addison’s disease

acinar cells


Pancreatic juice
pancreatic islets

Alpha and beta cells
 Glucagon and insulin

Diabetes mellitus






Ketoacidosis
polyuria
polydipsia
Polyphagia
Hypoglycemia
delta cells

somatostatin

ovaries



testes


progesterone
Estrogen
testosterone
gonadotropins


pinealocytes
melatonin



thymopoietins
thymosins
T lymphocytes

Heart


gastrointestinal tract



enteroendocrine cells
placenta
kidney


atrial natriuretic peptide
erythropoietin
skin

cholecalciferol
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