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PumpTech Customer Education http://www.Pumptechnw.com Bellevue Moses Lake Canby PumpTech Product Lines UL Listed Packaged Systems Two full time Mechanical Engineers Licensed in OR & WA SolidWorks & E-Drawings Viewer AutoCad Compatible Drawings All Systems UL QCZJ Listed Designed to HI Standards Manufacturing Facility Canby, OR Installation, Maintenance & Repair 9 Full Time Service Technicians 3 Full Service Shops 6 Service Trucks 23 Ton Crane Truck 8 Ton Crane Truck 3 Ton Crane Truck 2 Ton Flatbed & Trailer 1 Ton Flatbed & Trailer Pipeline [email protected] Pump Ed 101 Joe Evans, Ph.D http://www.PumpEd101.com http://www.Pump-Zone.com AC Power Alternating Current What is Electricity ? Electricity isproperty really just lightning. “a fundamental oforganized matter caused by the presence of electrons and protons, and manifesting George Carlinluminous & heating itself as attraction, repulsion, effects, and the like” Pump Ed 101 Edison versus Westinghouse The Late 19th Century Fight Between DC & AC to Become the US Standard ( 'twas the watt that won ) W=VxA 1000 W = 1000 V x 1 A or 1 V x 1000 A War Of Currents Pump Ed 101 Common DC and AC Terms Volt - Unit of potential difference ( Pressure ) Ampere - Unit of current strength ( Flow ) Ohm - Unit of resistance Watt - Unit of power (V x A) ( Friction ) ( Flow X Pressure ) Pump Ed 101 DC Power ADVANTAGES Simplicity Voltage remains constant Follows Ohms Law Easily stored DISADVANTAGES Voltage not easily changed High transmission losses over long distances at usable voltages Pump Ed 101 The DC Power Curve E = I R or I = E / R Pump Ed 101 AC Power ADVANTAGES Induction Voltage can be changed easily Low transmission losses over long distances Frequency is variable Multiple phases DISADVANTAGES More Complex Voltage varies with time Does not always follow Ohms Law Pump Ed 101 The Single Phase AC Curve +120 Effective Voltage RMS or Effective Voltage = 0.707 X Peak Voltage Peak Voltage = 1.416 X RMS or Effective Voltage Pump Ed 101 Three Phase Curve Pump Ed 101 AC Circuit Types Resistive (R) Resists Flow Inductive (L) Consumes & Returns Capacitive (C) Stores Energy RLC’s Combination Pump Ed 101 AC Resistive Circuit Examples Electric Ranges, Irons & Incandescent Lights Follow Ohm’s Law ( almost ) I=E/R Pump Ed 101 Resistive Circuit Pump Ed 101 Single Phase Resistive Curve Current & Voltage In Sync Voltage Current Pump Ed 101 AC Inductive Circuit Examples Electric Motors, Transformers & Solenoids Impedance ( Z ) replaces ( R ) in Ohm’s Law I=E/Z where Z = √R2 + X2 and X is inductive and / or capacitive reactance Pump Ed 101 Magnetic Induction Pump Ed 101 DC Induction Pump ED 101 Self Induction Pump Ed 101 Purely Inductive Circuit Pump ED 101 Purely Inductive Curve Current Lagging Voltage Voltage Current Inductive Reactance Pump Ed 101 Capacitive Circuits Examples Condensers, Piezoelectric Devices, Metal Oxide Semiconductors, True Capacitors Pump Ed 101 Purely Capacitive Load Capacitive Reactance Pump Ed 101 Power Factor Power Factor is an indication of how effectively an inductive device uses the power that is available in a circuit. It refers to the portion of the power in a circuit (building, plant, process etc) that can actually be used by electrical equipment compared to the total amount that is supplied by the utility. Expressed another way it is the power consumed (measured in watts) versus the total power available (measured in volt–amps). But isn’t a watt a volt-amp? Pump Ed 101 Power Factor Inductive Reactance Pump Ed 101 Power Factor A More Typical Lag Pump Ed 101 Capacitive Reactance The Power Factor Fix Current Lagging Voltage Voltage Current E = IZ E = I(√R2 + (XL - XC)2) Pump Ed 101 Capacitive Reactance The Power Factor Fix Pump Ed 101 AC Power Transmission Pump Ed 101 What Is A Transformer ? A device that increases or decreases AC voltage & current Operates through mutual induction Voltage change varies directly while current change varies inversely Pump Ed 101 Transformer Components Laminations Windings Pump Ed 101 How Transformers Work Mutual Induction Turns Ratio Voltage / Current Relationship Pump Ed 101 Mutual Induction Pump Ed 101 The Turns Ratio Turns Ratio = Tp / Ts Pump Ed 101 The Volt / Amp Relationship 10 : 1 Turns Ratio : 10 Vp = 1 Vs 1 Ap = 10 As 10 : 2 Turns Ratio : 10 Vp = 2 Vs 1 Ap = 5 As Pump Ed 101 Typical Power Supply Transformer Pump Ed 101 Adjustable Tap Transformer Pump Ed 101 Residential Transformer 87% / 58% Pump Ed 101 Three Phase Transformers Wound as 3 Single Phase Units on Single Core or 3 Individual Single Phase Units Windings Connected in Wye or Delta Configurations Pump Ed 101 Three Phase Transformers Why Wye? Why Delta? Wye connections offer multiple voltages Delta connections offer higher reliability There are four possible combinations Delta to Delta – industrial applications Delta to Wye – most common industrial / commercial 87% / 58% Wye to Delta – high voltage transmission Wye to Wye – rarely used (harmonics & balance) Pump Ed 101 Wye & Delta Connections 87% / 58% Delta / Wye Pump Ed 101 Wye & Delta Connections 240 V 240 V 240 V Phase to Phase = Phase Voltage X 1.732 Phase to Phase = Phase Current X 1.732 58% Power (W) = E x I x 1.732 x pf Open Delta Pump Ed 101 Wye & Delta Winding Failure Does not affect load voltage & current 58% One leg voltage 0 volts on & two Reduces twolegs legsat by50% 50% Pump Ed 101 Delta Mutants Center Tapped Delta 58% Open Delta (58%) Center Tapped Open Delta Pump Ed 101 3 Phase AC Characteristics WYE or Delta Connected Power ( W ) = E x I x 1.732 x pf Motor Amps = ( HP x 746 ) / ( E x 1.732 x eff x pf ) Pump Ed 101 Good Online Content All About Circuits http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/index.html Integrated Publishing – EE Training Series http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/ Electronics – Tutorials http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/index.html Siemens http://www3.sea.siemens.com/step/templates/lesson.mason?bep:2:1:1 Electrician’s Toolbox http://www.elec-toolbox.com/ RLC Circuits – Java Applet – http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/accircuit.htm Pump Ed 101 Pump Ed 101 Joe Evans, Ph.D http://www.PumpEd101.com http://www.Pump-Zone.com AC Power