Download Biology 2 – Study Guide # 2

Biology 2 – Study Guide # 3
Chap 32 – Introduction to Animal Evolution
What is an animal? Know the different stages of the life history of animals. (zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula, larva). Know the
phylogenetic trees of animals given in class. Know what the agreements are between the two trees. What are the points of contention? Know
how each group is separated. Know the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes.
Chap 33 – Invertebrates
Know the characteristics for each invertebrate phylum. What level of organization do they have? How many layers of tissue
(diploblastic, triploblastic)? Know the characteristics of the Porifera. Nematocyst? Know the different types of sponges (asconoid, leuconoid,
syconoid). Know how the sponges are classified (sponge type and spicule type). Know the characteristics of the Cnidaria. What are the two
body forms? Which is usually sexual? Asexual? What is a gastrovascular cavity? What is a choanocyte? Nematocyst? Cnidocil? Know the
classification of the phyla and the classes. How does ctenophora differ from the cnidaria? What is a colloblast? What are the characteristics
of the flatworms? Know how they are classified. Know the life different types of flukes and how you can get them (only the ones talked about
in class). What is a proglottid? Scolex? What is the difference between a pseudocoelomate and a eucoelomate? What is the advantage of
having a coelom? Know the general characteristics of a nematode. What characteristics are found in a rotifer? Know the nematodes talked
about in class (Where do humans get them? What stage is found in humans?) Know the Nemertea. Why is their lineage questioned? What
are the three things that make them different than flatworms? What are the general characteristics of the lophophorates? What are the three
phyla in this grouping? Where do they belong in the evolutionary chain? What are the general characteristics of the mollusca? What is a
mantle? Visceral mass? Foot? Radula? Know the classification of the phyla and classes. What is torsion? Dextral? Sinistral? What are the
general characteristics of an annelid? What are parapodia? What are their functions? What are the advantages to segmentation? Know the
classification of the phyla and classes. What is a walking worm? Where does it fit in the evolutionary scale? What are the general characteristics
of an arthropod? What is the arthropod phylogeny and classification? What are chelicerae? What is the difference between incomplete and
complete metamorphosis? What are the general characteristics of the echinodermata. Know the following structures: madreporite, oral vs.
aboral sides, ocelli, pedicellariae, papulae (dermal branchiae), ambulacral goove. Know how the water vascular (canal) system works. Know
the characteristics for each class: open/closed groove, madreporite aboral/oral/internal.
Chap 34 – Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
What are the four general characteristics of all chordates? Know the subphylums in the chordate phylum. Which contains all four
characteristics as an adult? Which contain all four characteristics only as a larva? Which subphylum is probably the most closely related to
vertebrates? What is paedogenesis? Chap 40 – Animal Structure and Function
Know the different types of tissues seen in animals. (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous)
Chap 41 – Animal Nutrition
What are the nutritional requirements for animals? What are essential amino acids? What is the difference between water soluble
and fat soluble vitamins? What are the essential fatty acids? What are minerals? What are the different types of feeding strategies? What are
the four main stages of food processing? What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion? Know the basic alimentary
canals? Know the basic mammalian digestive system. Know how the macromolecules are digested. Know the evolutionary adaptations of
vertebrate digestive systems.
Chap 44 – Controlling the Internal Environment
Know the 4 ways animals gain/lose heat. Know the following definitions: poikilotherm, ectotherm, homeotherm, and endotherm.
Know the three ways of getting rid of nitrogenous waste (advantages/disadvantages). Know the different types of excretory systems
(protonephridia, metanephrida, nephrostome, malphigian tubules). Know the origins of the excretory system in vertebrates (pronephros,
mesonephros, metanephros). Know the parts of the human excretory system (kidney, ureter, urethra, bladder). What is the function of the
glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule? proximal tubule? Distal tubule? Loop of Henle? Collecting duct? What controls the kidney?
Notes - Beach Field Trip
Know the 6 habitats that make up Upper Newport bay. Be able to answer the questions from the Peter and Mary Muth Interpretive
Center. (The ones you filled out). Be sure to now the three types of habitats along our coast. What causes tides? What are Spring and Neap
tides? How many high tides do we have a day in southern California? What is the primary current in southern California? What are the four
recognized zones? What are the characteristics of a rocky shore? What are the 10 factors controlling marine life? You need to be able to
recognize the zone location of the animals we observed (If you were to see the following organisms, what zone are you in?)
Organism List you need to know: Aggregating anemone, Giant Green Anemone, Sand-castle Worm, Checkered periwinkle, Wavy
Turban Snail, California Sea Hare, Owl Limpet, California Mussel, Chiton, Blueband Hermit Crab, Striped Shore Crab, Little Brown (acorn)
Barnicle, Gooseneck Barnicle, Banded Brittle Star, Purple Sea Urchin, Tidepool Sculpin, Dead Man’s Fingers, Feather Boa Kelp, Sargassum,
and Surf-grass.
Chapters 24, 25 & 26 – Macroevolution and Systematics
Know the three types of phylogenetic groupings discussed in class. What is homology? Analogy? What is “ontology recapitulates
phylogeny”? What are the three schools of systematics and how do they differ? What are the three assumptions of cladistics? Be sure you
can do the problems presented on the first handouts.