Download Sophie Wright Mr. Kann and Mike AP US History 21 Feb 2017 Unit

Sophie Wright
Mr. Kann and Mike
AP US History
21 Feb 2017
Unit 14 Notes
Chapter 25 Amsco Review (518-536)
Introduction​ (518)
● After WWI, nations mostly agreed ​Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928​ - pledge not to use
military force for violent reasons
○ Did not last - Japan threatened china, Adolf Hitler came into power promoting
nationalism and militarism, US was in the Depression
Herbert Hoover’s Foreign Policy​ (518-520)
● Herbert Hoover​ wanted ​isolationism​ - US doesn’t enter firm commitments for security
of other nations
● Japanese Aggression in Manchuria (519)
○ Japan established puppet govt. - Japanese troops marched into ​Manchuria (Sept
1931)​ & renamed territory ​Manchukuo
■ Went against​ Open Door policy​ and covenant of ​League ON
■ League​ failed to maintain peace as it simply condemned Japan and let it
walk out of the League (520)
○ Stimson Doctrine - ​Sec of State ​Henry Stimson​ declared US would not
recognize legitimacy of territory - honoring obligations of ​Nine-Power Treaty
■ League followed and issued similar declaration
● Latin America
○ Hoover ended interventionist policies - arranged troops leave Nicaragua by ​1933
& negotiated treaty with Haiti removing troops by ​1934
Franklin Roosevelt’s Policies, ​1933-1938​ ​(520-525)
● Good-Neighbor Policy -​ towards other nations in Western Hemisphere
○ b/c (1) they agreed $ diplomacy didn’t make sense
○ (2) FDR wanted Latin Am cooperation as Germ & It amping up military forces
● Pan-American Conferences
○ Pledged never to intervene in internal affairs of Latin America (LA) - Corollary of
the ​Monroe Doctrine​ (​Theodore Roosevelt)
○ FDR pledged to let arbitration settle disputes
● Cuba ​(521)
○ 1934​ - FDR got congress to nullify ​Platt Amendment ​- US only had right to keep
naval base at ​Guantanamo Bay
● Mexico
○ Lazaro Cardenas​ (President of MX) - seized oil prop. owned by US - ​1938
■ FDR - rejected corporate demands & encouraged settlement negotiations
● Economic Diplomacy
○ London Economic Conference 1933
■ FDR allowed US partici in international eco conference (LofN)
■ Proposal - stabilize currency
● FDR feared that it would hurt his plans of recovery for the GDep.
● Not supported by US
○ Recognition of the Soviet Union
■ FDR granted recognition of the communist regime that ruled Soviet Union
b/c he thought it would boost economy and trade in US
○ Philippines
■ FDR got congress to pass ​Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934
● Independence of Phil by ​1946 ​& gradual removal of US military
○ Reciprocal Trade Agreements
■ FDR favored low tariffs - increasing international trade
■ 1934 - Congress tried a plan suggested by ​Cordell Hull
● Pres power to reduce tariff up to 50% for nations that did the same
● Events Abroad: Fascism and Aggressive Militarism (522)
○ Italy -​ ​Benito Mussolini​ led Italian Fascist party ​1922 (​became ideology in
European dictatorship)
■ People put Mussolini in power as the Leader
○ Germany -​ Nazi Party arose in ​1920s​ after ​Treaty of V ​destroyed Germ
economy
■ Leader - ​Adolf Hitler ​bullied Jews & used fascist ideology to gain support
■ Gained full control of Germ Legislature in early ​1933
○ Japan - ​eco conditions worsened
■ jap said only way to ensure access to basic materials was to invade China
and Southeast Asia
● American Isolationists
○ Nye committee 1934​ concluded that US partic in WW was to serve greed of
bankers + manufact - influenced isolationist legislation
○ Neutrality Acts ​(523)
■ The Neutrality act of 1935​ - let pres prohibit arms of shipment + forbid
US citz to travel on ships of hostile nations
■ The Neutrality act of 1936​ - forbade extension of loan + credit to hostiles
■ The Neutrality act of 1937 - ​forbade shipment of arms to opposing side
in Spainish Civil War
○ Spanish Civil War
■ Viewed as ideological struggle btw forces of fascism & republicanism
■ 1939​ general ​Francisco Franco​(fascist) established a military dictatorship
○ America first committee​ - created to travel country warning against getting
involved in Euro troubles
● Prelude to War
○ Democracies were unprepared to challenge Fascist aggressions
■ Ethiopia 1935​ - Mussolini ordered Ital troops to invade Eth - LofN could
do nothing to stop it
■ Rhineland 1936 - ​Hitler defied Treaty V by getting Germ troops to invade
■ China 1937​ - War btw Ch and Jap erupted ​1937
● US​ gunboat in China bombed by Jap, US govt accepted apology
■ Sudetenland 1938 -​ British & French agreed to let Hitler take
Sudetenland unopposed
● Munich - synonymous to appeasement (525)
○ US Response
■ FDR tested public opinion on entering war by making a speech about
“quarantining” the aggressor - public had negative responses
○ Preparedness
■ 1938​ congressed strengthened military + naval budget
From Neutrality to War, ​1939-1941​ (525-529)
● Outbreak of War in Europe
○ GB & Fr pledged to fight if Poland was invaded
○ August 1939​ - Stalin + Hitler signed non aggression pact - secretly planning to
divide Poland btw them
○ Germ invaded Poland ​- Sept 1, 1939
■ Br + Fr declared war against Germ (and later allies Italy and Jap)
■ WWII started in Europe
○ Blitzkrieg (lightning war) - air power + fast moving tanks
● Changing US Policy (526)
○ Crash and Carry - ​Belligerent could buy US arms if it used its own ships & paid
cash
○ Selective Service Act 1940 - ​Provided registration of all american men (21-35)
and training for 1.2 mil troops in 1 year
○ Destroyers-for-bases Deal ​- Brit got 50 older US destroyers in exchange for
giving US the right to build military bases on Br island in Caribbean
● Election of 1940
○ Wendell Willkie ​ - republican nominee (527)
○ FDR ​won election b/c - (1) strong eco recovery based on defense purchases (2)
fear of war caused voters to stay w/ more experienced leader
● Arsenal of Democracy
○ Four Freedoms​ - FDR proposed lending money to Brit for purchase of US war
materials
■ Argued US should stand by nations committed to 4 freedoms
● Speech, religion, want, fear
○ Lend-Lease Act​ - end to ​Crash and Carry​ requirement of Neutrality Act
■ Permit Brit get all US arms it needed on credit
■ Not supported by America First Committee
○ Atlantic Charter
■ FDR held secret meeting w/ Brit prime Min b/c he knew they would be
entering the war
■ Drew up document that listed peace objectives after war
● Self determination, no territorial expansion, free trade
○ Shoot-on-sight ​(528)
■ FDR ordered US Navy ships to bring British w/ lend-lease materials from
US to Iceland
■ American destroyer ​Greer attacked by Germ sub
● FDR ordered attack on all German ships in sight
● Disputes With Japan
○ US Eco actions
■ Jap joined ​axis of powers​ ​- ​FDR prohibited export of steel + scrap ion to
all countries except Britain
■ After Jap occupied French Indochina, he cut off Jap fully
○ Negotiations
■ Japan had no supply of oil which was needed to fuel naval + air forces
■ US tried to negotiate but it was unsuccessful
● Pearl Harbor
○ Jap planes flew over Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and bombed every ship in sight
■ 2,400 Americans were killed
○ Dec 8, 1941​, Congress wanted to declare war but had 1 dissenting vote (529)
■ 3 days later, Germ + Ital declared war on US
World War II: The Home Front (529-532)
● Industrial Production
○ War Production Board ​- manage war industries
○ Office of War Mobilization - ​production priorities and controlled raw materials
○ Office of Price Administration - ​Wages, Prices, and Rationing (530)
○ Unions
■ Agreed there would be no strikes until War was over
■ Smith-Connally Anti Strike Act 1943​ - passed over FDR vetoempowered govt
○ Financing War - increase in spending
■ More income tax & selling war bonds
● The War’s Impact on Society
○ African Americans
■ Many left the South & many left home to serve in armed forces
■ Discrimination continued - promoted ​Double V
● V - victory over fascism
● V - Victory for equality at home
■ Increase in # of NAACP members
■ Congress of Racial Equality 1942​ - work more militantly
■ Smith v. Allwright - ​unconstitutional to deny Af Am membership in
political parties
○ Mexican Americans - worked in defense industries (531)
■ Braceros​ ​1942​ - allowed mx farmworkers to ender US in harvest season
w/o going through formal imm process
○ Native Americans - many served in military
○ Japanese Americans
■ Lots of racism towards jap am - 100,000 were forced to leave homes on
West Coast and go to internment camps
■ Korematsu v. US 1944 - Supreme court upheld US govt internment
policy
● 1988​ - govt declared it unjust - ones alive received financial comp.
○ Women - many served noncombat roles in military & lots entered workforce
○ Propaganda - was everywhere to maintain public morale, encourage ppl to
sacrifice & conserve resources, and increase war production
● Election of 1944 (​532​)
○ FDR​ reelected as president - died shortly after inauguration, so Truman served
World War II: The Battlefronts (532-534)
● Fighting Germany
○ Brit and US mil strategy - overcome menace of German sub in Atlantic and bomb
German cities
○ Battle of the Atlantic​ - naval war to control shipping lanes
● From North Africa to Italy (533)
○ Allies took North Africa from Germans by ​May 1943
○ Allies then occupied ​Sicily​ summer of ​1943
○ Mussolini lost then, but Hitler’s forces got him back into control
○ Germans surrendered northern Italy ​May 1945
● D day ​to victory in Europe
○ Allies tried to Liberate France - largest invasion by sea in history ​(D Day June 6,
1944)
● German Surrender and discovery of the Holocaust
○ Hitler committed suicide - ​April 30, 1945
○ Surrender of Nazi Armies - ​May 7, 1945
○ US troops went through Germ discovering concentration camps + the Nazi’s
genocide against Jew + others
● Fighting Japan
○ The Turning Point 1942
■ May 7-8, ​Battle of the Coral Sea​, US aircraft stopped jap invasion of
Australia
■ June 4-7, ​Battle of Midway​, US forces destroyed four Jap carriers and
planes w/ interception and decoding of jap messages
○ Island-hopping - Navy and airforce isolated jap islands (534)
■ Adopted by ​Admiral Chester Nimitz​ - helped allied powers
○ Battle of Leyte Gulf ​ - Oct ​1944​, Jap navy destroyed
○ Atomic Bombs
■ America developed an atomic bomb - top-secret ​Manhattan Project 1942
■ Truman gave ultimatum to jap - surrender or face “utter destruction”
● US dropped bombs ​Hiroshima & Nagasaki
○ Jap surrendered after 250,000 killed
Wartime Conferences (534-535)
● “Big Three” (US, Britain, Soviet Union) arranged conferences
● Casablanca - ​first conference w/ GB & US agreed to invade Sicily + demand
“unconditional surrender” from Axis Powers (535)
● Tehran​ - agreed that Brit & US would liberate Fr and Soviets would invade germ + join
war against Jap
● Yalta​ - agreed (1) Germ divided into occupation zones
○ (2) free elections in liberated countries
○ (3) Soviets enter war against Japan
○ (4) soviets control southern half of Sakhalin and Kurile Islands & have special
concessions in Manchuria
○ (5) new world peace organization
● FDR died after returning from Yalta Conference
● Potsdam​ - agreed (1) to issue warning to japan to surrender unconditionally
○ (2) hold war-crime trials of Nazi Leaders
The War’s Legacy (536)
● Costs
○ 300,000 lost lives & 800,000 wounded
○ Cost: $320 billion - national debt $250 billion
● The United Nations
○ League of Nations rejected
○ US, China, Soviet U, GB, proposed international organiz - ​United Nations