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Sophie Wright Mr. Kann and Mike AP US History 21 Feb 2017 Unit 14 Notes Chapter 25 Amsco Review (518-536) Introduction (518) ● After WWI, nations mostly agreed Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 - pledge not to use military force for violent reasons ○ Did not last - Japan threatened china, Adolf Hitler came into power promoting nationalism and militarism, US was in the Depression Herbert Hoover’s Foreign Policy (518-520) ● Herbert Hoover wanted isolationism - US doesn’t enter firm commitments for security of other nations ● Japanese Aggression in Manchuria (519) ○ Japan established puppet govt. - Japanese troops marched into Manchuria (Sept 1931) & renamed territory Manchukuo ■ Went against Open Door policy and covenant of League ON ■ League failed to maintain peace as it simply condemned Japan and let it walk out of the League (520) ○ Stimson Doctrine - Sec of State Henry Stimson declared US would not recognize legitimacy of territory - honoring obligations of Nine-Power Treaty ■ League followed and issued similar declaration ● Latin America ○ Hoover ended interventionist policies - arranged troops leave Nicaragua by 1933 & negotiated treaty with Haiti removing troops by 1934 Franklin Roosevelt’s Policies, 1933-1938 (520-525) ● Good-Neighbor Policy - towards other nations in Western Hemisphere ○ b/c (1) they agreed $ diplomacy didn’t make sense ○ (2) FDR wanted Latin Am cooperation as Germ & It amping up military forces ● Pan-American Conferences ○ Pledged never to intervene in internal affairs of Latin America (LA) - Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine (Theodore Roosevelt) ○ FDR pledged to let arbitration settle disputes ● Cuba (521) ○ 1934 - FDR got congress to nullify Platt Amendment - US only had right to keep naval base at Guantanamo Bay ● Mexico ○ Lazaro Cardenas (President of MX) - seized oil prop. owned by US - 1938 ■ FDR - rejected corporate demands & encouraged settlement negotiations ● Economic Diplomacy ○ London Economic Conference 1933 ■ FDR allowed US partici in international eco conference (LofN) ■ Proposal - stabilize currency ● FDR feared that it would hurt his plans of recovery for the GDep. ● Not supported by US ○ Recognition of the Soviet Union ■ FDR granted recognition of the communist regime that ruled Soviet Union b/c he thought it would boost economy and trade in US ○ Philippines ■ FDR got congress to pass Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934 ● Independence of Phil by 1946 & gradual removal of US military ○ Reciprocal Trade Agreements ■ FDR favored low tariffs - increasing international trade ■ 1934 - Congress tried a plan suggested by Cordell Hull ● Pres power to reduce tariff up to 50% for nations that did the same ● Events Abroad: Fascism and Aggressive Militarism (522) ○ Italy - Benito Mussolini led Italian Fascist party 1922 (became ideology in European dictatorship) ■ People put Mussolini in power as the Leader ○ Germany - Nazi Party arose in 1920s after Treaty of V destroyed Germ economy ■ Leader - Adolf Hitler bullied Jews & used fascist ideology to gain support ■ Gained full control of Germ Legislature in early 1933 ○ Japan - eco conditions worsened ■ jap said only way to ensure access to basic materials was to invade China and Southeast Asia ● American Isolationists ○ Nye committee 1934 concluded that US partic in WW was to serve greed of bankers + manufact - influenced isolationist legislation ○ Neutrality Acts (523) ■ The Neutrality act of 1935 - let pres prohibit arms of shipment + forbid US citz to travel on ships of hostile nations ■ The Neutrality act of 1936 - forbade extension of loan + credit to hostiles ■ The Neutrality act of 1937 - forbade shipment of arms to opposing side in Spainish Civil War ○ Spanish Civil War ■ Viewed as ideological struggle btw forces of fascism & republicanism ■ 1939 general Francisco Franco(fascist) established a military dictatorship ○ America first committee - created to travel country warning against getting involved in Euro troubles ● Prelude to War ○ Democracies were unprepared to challenge Fascist aggressions ■ Ethiopia 1935 - Mussolini ordered Ital troops to invade Eth - LofN could do nothing to stop it ■ Rhineland 1936 - Hitler defied Treaty V by getting Germ troops to invade ■ China 1937 - War btw Ch and Jap erupted 1937 ● US gunboat in China bombed by Jap, US govt accepted apology ■ Sudetenland 1938 - British & French agreed to let Hitler take Sudetenland unopposed ● Munich - synonymous to appeasement (525) ○ US Response ■ FDR tested public opinion on entering war by making a speech about “quarantining” the aggressor - public had negative responses ○ Preparedness ■ 1938 congressed strengthened military + naval budget From Neutrality to War, 1939-1941 (525-529) ● Outbreak of War in Europe ○ GB & Fr pledged to fight if Poland was invaded ○ August 1939 - Stalin + Hitler signed non aggression pact - secretly planning to divide Poland btw them ○ Germ invaded Poland - Sept 1, 1939 ■ Br + Fr declared war against Germ (and later allies Italy and Jap) ■ WWII started in Europe ○ Blitzkrieg (lightning war) - air power + fast moving tanks ● Changing US Policy (526) ○ Crash and Carry - Belligerent could buy US arms if it used its own ships & paid cash ○ Selective Service Act 1940 - Provided registration of all american men (21-35) and training for 1.2 mil troops in 1 year ○ Destroyers-for-bases Deal - Brit got 50 older US destroyers in exchange for giving US the right to build military bases on Br island in Caribbean ● Election of 1940 ○ Wendell Willkie - republican nominee (527) ○ FDR won election b/c - (1) strong eco recovery based on defense purchases (2) fear of war caused voters to stay w/ more experienced leader ● Arsenal of Democracy ○ Four Freedoms - FDR proposed lending money to Brit for purchase of US war materials ■ Argued US should stand by nations committed to 4 freedoms ● Speech, religion, want, fear ○ Lend-Lease Act - end to Crash and Carry requirement of Neutrality Act ■ Permit Brit get all US arms it needed on credit ■ Not supported by America First Committee ○ Atlantic Charter ■ FDR held secret meeting w/ Brit prime Min b/c he knew they would be entering the war ■ Drew up document that listed peace objectives after war ● Self determination, no territorial expansion, free trade ○ Shoot-on-sight (528) ■ FDR ordered US Navy ships to bring British w/ lend-lease materials from US to Iceland ■ American destroyer Greer attacked by Germ sub ● FDR ordered attack on all German ships in sight ● Disputes With Japan ○ US Eco actions ■ Jap joined axis of powers - FDR prohibited export of steel + scrap ion to all countries except Britain ■ After Jap occupied French Indochina, he cut off Jap fully ○ Negotiations ■ Japan had no supply of oil which was needed to fuel naval + air forces ■ US tried to negotiate but it was unsuccessful ● Pearl Harbor ○ Jap planes flew over Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and bombed every ship in sight ■ 2,400 Americans were killed ○ Dec 8, 1941, Congress wanted to declare war but had 1 dissenting vote (529) ■ 3 days later, Germ + Ital declared war on US World War II: The Home Front (529-532) ● Industrial Production ○ War Production Board - manage war industries ○ Office of War Mobilization - production priorities and controlled raw materials ○ Office of Price Administration - Wages, Prices, and Rationing (530) ○ Unions ■ Agreed there would be no strikes until War was over ■ Smith-Connally Anti Strike Act 1943 - passed over FDR vetoempowered govt ○ Financing War - increase in spending ■ More income tax & selling war bonds ● The War’s Impact on Society ○ African Americans ■ Many left the South & many left home to serve in armed forces ■ Discrimination continued - promoted Double V ● V - victory over fascism ● V - Victory for equality at home ■ Increase in # of NAACP members ■ Congress of Racial Equality 1942 - work more militantly ■ Smith v. Allwright - unconstitutional to deny Af Am membership in political parties ○ Mexican Americans - worked in defense industries (531) ■ Braceros 1942 - allowed mx farmworkers to ender US in harvest season w/o going through formal imm process ○ Native Americans - many served in military ○ Japanese Americans ■ Lots of racism towards jap am - 100,000 were forced to leave homes on West Coast and go to internment camps ■ Korematsu v. US 1944 - Supreme court upheld US govt internment policy ● 1988 - govt declared it unjust - ones alive received financial comp. ○ Women - many served noncombat roles in military & lots entered workforce ○ Propaganda - was everywhere to maintain public morale, encourage ppl to sacrifice & conserve resources, and increase war production ● Election of 1944 (532) ○ FDR reelected as president - died shortly after inauguration, so Truman served World War II: The Battlefronts (532-534) ● Fighting Germany ○ Brit and US mil strategy - overcome menace of German sub in Atlantic and bomb German cities ○ Battle of the Atlantic - naval war to control shipping lanes ● From North Africa to Italy (533) ○ Allies took North Africa from Germans by May 1943 ○ Allies then occupied Sicily summer of 1943 ○ Mussolini lost then, but Hitler’s forces got him back into control ○ Germans surrendered northern Italy May 1945 ● D day to victory in Europe ○ Allies tried to Liberate France - largest invasion by sea in history (D Day June 6, 1944) ● German Surrender and discovery of the Holocaust ○ Hitler committed suicide - April 30, 1945 ○ Surrender of Nazi Armies - May 7, 1945 ○ US troops went through Germ discovering concentration camps + the Nazi’s genocide against Jew + others ● Fighting Japan ○ The Turning Point 1942 ■ May 7-8, Battle of the Coral Sea, US aircraft stopped jap invasion of Australia ■ June 4-7, Battle of Midway, US forces destroyed four Jap carriers and planes w/ interception and decoding of jap messages ○ Island-hopping - Navy and airforce isolated jap islands (534) ■ Adopted by Admiral Chester Nimitz - helped allied powers ○ Battle of Leyte Gulf - Oct 1944, Jap navy destroyed ○ Atomic Bombs ■ America developed an atomic bomb - top-secret Manhattan Project 1942 ■ Truman gave ultimatum to jap - surrender or face “utter destruction” ● US dropped bombs Hiroshima & Nagasaki ○ Jap surrendered after 250,000 killed Wartime Conferences (534-535) ● “Big Three” (US, Britain, Soviet Union) arranged conferences ● Casablanca - first conference w/ GB & US agreed to invade Sicily + demand “unconditional surrender” from Axis Powers (535) ● Tehran - agreed that Brit & US would liberate Fr and Soviets would invade germ + join war against Jap ● Yalta - agreed (1) Germ divided into occupation zones ○ (2) free elections in liberated countries ○ (3) Soviets enter war against Japan ○ (4) soviets control southern half of Sakhalin and Kurile Islands & have special concessions in Manchuria ○ (5) new world peace organization ● FDR died after returning from Yalta Conference ● Potsdam - agreed (1) to issue warning to japan to surrender unconditionally ○ (2) hold war-crime trials of Nazi Leaders The War’s Legacy (536) ● Costs ○ 300,000 lost lives & 800,000 wounded ○ Cost: $320 billion - national debt $250 billion ● The United Nations ○ League of Nations rejected ○ US, China, Soviet U, GB, proposed international organiz - United Nations