Download microeconomics - Yakama Nation Legends Casino

MICROECONOMICS
TENTH EDITION
MICROECONOMICS
TENTH EDITION
MICHAEL PARKIN
University of Western Ontario
Editorial Director
Sally Yagan
Editor in Chief
Donna Battista
Senior Acquisitions Editor
Adrienne D Ambrosio
Development Editor
Deepa Chungi
Managing Editor
Nancy Fenton
Assistant Editor
Jill Kolongowski
Photo Researcher
Angel Chavez
Production Coordinator
Alison Eusden
Director of Media
Susan Schoenberg
Senior Media Producer
Melissa Honig
Director of Marketing
Patrice Jones
Executive Marketing Manager
Lori DeShazo
Rights and Permissions Advisor
Jill Dougan
Senior Manufacturing Buyer
Carol Melville
Senior Media Buyer
Ginny Michaud
Copyeditor
Catherine Baum
Art Director and Cover Designer
Jonathan Boylan
Technical Illustrator
Richard Parkin
Text Design, Project Management
and Page Make-up
Integra Software Services, Inc.
Cover Image: Medioimages/PhotoDisc/Getty Images
Photo credits appear on page C-1, which constitutes a continuation of the copyright page.
Copyright 2012, 2010, 2008, 2005, 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed
in the United States of America. For information on obtaining permission for use of material in this work, please
submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Rights and Contracts Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite
900, Boston, MA 02116, fax your request to 617-671-3447, or e-mail at http://www.pearsoned.com/legal/permissions.htm.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Parkin, Michael, 1939
Microeconomics/Michael Parkin.
10th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-13-139425-4 (alk. paper)
1. Microeconomics.
I. Title.
HB171.5.P313 2010
330 dc22
2010045760
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 CRK 14 13 12 11 10
ISBN 10: 0-13-139425-8
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-139425-4
TO ROBIN
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Michael Parkin is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Economics at
the University of Western Ontario, Canada. Professor Parkin has held faculty
appointments at Brown University, the University of Manchester, the University of
Essex, and Bond University. He is a past president of the Canadian Economics
Association and has served on the editorial boards of the American Economic
Review and the Journal of Monetary Economics and as managing editor of the
Canadian Journal of Economics. Professor Parkin s research on macroeconomics,
monetary economics, and international economics has resulted in over 160
publications in journals and edited volumes, including the American Economic
Review, the Journal of Political Economy, the Review of Economic Studies, the
Journal of Monetary Economics, and the Journal of Money, Credit and Banking.
He became most visible to the public with his work on inflation that discredited the
use of wage and price controls. Michael Parkin also spearheaded the movement
toward European monetary union. Professor Parkin is an experienced and
dedicated teacher of introductory economics.
vii
BR
F NTENTS
PART
E
INTRODUCTION
IV
PART
E
MARKET FAILURE AND GOVERNMENT
1
1 What Is Economics? 1
CHAPTER
2
CHAPTER
The Economic Problem
PART TWO
HOW MARKETS WORK
3
4
6
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
55
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
10
11
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
55
5
79
1
7
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
79
Utility and Demand 1
Possibilities, Preferences, and Choices
0
PART OUR
FIRMS AND MARKETS
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
5
PART THREE
HOUSEHOLDS CHOICES
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
9
Demand and Supply
Elasticity
Efficiency and Equity 10
Government Actions in Markets 1
Global Markets in Action 1 1
8
71
16 Public Choices and Public Goods 71
1 Economics of the Environment 9
PART SIX
FACTOR MARKETS, INEQUALITY,
AND UNCERTAINTY 17
1 Markets for Factors of Production 17
1 Economic Inequality 1
20 Uncertainty and Information 65
7
7
5
7
99
Organizing Production
Output and Costs
1
Perfect Competition
Monopoly
Monopolistic Competition
Oligopoly
1
ix
ALTERAT!" PATHWAYS THRO#$H THE CHAPTERS
Micro Flexibility
Chapter 1
What is Economics
Chapter
The Economic Problem
Chapter
Demand and Supply
Chapter
Chapter 6
q
Efficiency and E uity
Economic quality
Chapter 1
Chapter
Government Actions
in Markets
Chapter
Global Markets
in Action
Chapter 16
G
Public Choices
and Public oods
Chapter 1
Economics of the
Environment
Chapter 1
Perfect Competition
Elasticity
Chapter 1
Chapter 10
z
Organi ing Production
Chapter
Utility and Demand
Chapter
Possibilities,
Preferences, and
Choices
Chapter 11
Monopoly
Output and Costs
Chapter 0
Uncertainty and
ormation
Chapter 1
Monopolistic
Competition
Chapter 1
Oligopoly
Markets for ctors
Chapter 1
of Production
tart ere S
ten ump to
any of tese
and ump to any of tese after
doing te pre-reuisites indicated
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PA RT O NE
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 1 * WHAT IS ECONOMICS? 1
Definition of Economics 2
Two Big Economic Questions 3
hat, How, and For hom 3
Can the Pursuit of Self-Interest Promote the
Social Interest 5
W
?
W ?
The Economic Way of Thinking 8
A Choice Is a Tradeoff 8
Making a Rational Choice 8
Benefit: hat You Gain 8
Cost: hat You Must Give Up 8
How Much Choosing at the Margin 9
Choices Respond to Incentives 9
W
W
?
Economics as Social Science and
Policy Tool 10
Economist as Social Scientist 10
Economist as Policy Adviser 10
APPENDIX Graphs in Economics
13
Graphing Data 13
Scatter Diagrams 14
Graphs Used in Economic Models 16
ariables That Move in the Same Direction 16
ariables That Move in pposite Directions 17
ariables That Have a Maximum or a
Minimum 18
ariables That Are Unrelated 19
%
%
%
%
&
The Slope of a Relationship 20
The Slope of a Straight Line 20
The Slope of a Curved Line 21
Graphing Relationships Among More Than
Two Variables 22
Ceteris Paribus 22
hen her Things Change 23
W &'
MATHEMATICAL NOTE
Equations of Straight Lines
24
Summary (Key Points and Key Terms), Study Plan
Problems and Applications, and Additional Problems
and Applications appear at the end of each chapter.
xiii
Contents
xiv
CHAPTER 2 * THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM 29
Production Possibilities and Opportunity
Cost 30
Production Possibilities Frontier 30
Production Efficiency 31
Tradeoff Along the PPF 31
pportunity Cost 31
,
Using Resources Efficiently 33
The PPF and Marginal Cost 33
Preferences and Marginal Benefit 34
Allocative Efficiency 35
Economic Growth 36
The Cost of Economic Growth 36
A Nations Economic Growth 37
Gains from Trade 38
Comparative Advantage and Absolute
Advantage 38
Achieving the Gains from Trade 39
Economic Coordination 41
Firms 41
Markets 42
Property Rights 42
Money 42
Circular Flows Through Markets 42
Coordinating Decisions 42
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
The Rising
,.portunity Cost of Food 44
PART ONE WRA P- UP *
Understanding the Scope of Economics
Your Economic Revolution 51
Talking with
Jagdish Bhagwati 52
PA RT T W O
HOW MARKETS WORK 55
CHAPTER 3 * DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Markets and Prices
55
56
Demand 57
The Law of Demand 57
Demand Curve and Demand Schedule 57
A Change in Demand 58
A Change in the
antity Demanded ersus a
Change in Demand 60
Q(
)
Supply 62
The Law of Supply 62
Supply Curve and Supply Schedule 62
A Change in Supply 63
antity Supplied ersus a
A Change in the
Change in Supply 64
Q(
)
Market Equilibrium 66
Price as a Regulator 66
Price A ustments 67
*+
Predicting Changes in Price and Quantity 68
An Increase in Demand 68
A Decrease in Demand 68
An Increase in Supply 70
A Decrease in Supply 70
All the Possible Changes in Demand and
Supply 72
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
Demand and Supply: The Price of Coffee 74
MATHEMATICAL NOTE
Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium
76
Contents
CHAPTER 4 * ELASTICITY
/0
/1
6
CHAPTER 5 * EFFICIENCY AND EQUITY 10
Price Elasticity of Demand
Calculating Price Elasticity of Demand
Inelastic and Elastic Demand
6
Elasticity Along a Linear Demand Curve
Total Revenue and Elasticity
Your Expenditure and Your Elasticity
The Factors That Influence the Elasticity of
Demand
/
//
/;
;
;
/6
/:
/;
More Elasticities of Demand
1
Cross Elasticity of Demand
1
Income Elasticity of Demand
;1
;<
Elasticity of Supply
Calculating the Elasticity of Supply
The Factors That Influence the Elasticity of
Supply
;6
READ
=>@ BETWEE> THE A=>ES
;/
xv
;1
The Elasticities of Demand and Supply for
Tomatoes
Resource Allocation Methods 106
Market Price 106
Command 106
Majority Rule 106
Contest 106
First-Come, First-Served 106
Lottery 10
Personal Characteristics 10
Force 10
:
:
:
/
Benefit, Cost, and Surplus 10
Demand, Willingness to Pay, and Value 10
Individual Demand and Market Demand 10
Consumer Surplus 10
Supply and Marginal Cost 10
Supply, Cost, and Minimum Supply-Price 110
Individual Supply and Market Supply 110
Producer Surplus 111
;
/
;
<
Is the Competitive Market Efficient? 11
Efficiency of Competitive Equilibrium 11
Market Failure 11
Sources of Market Failure 11
Alternatives to the Market 11
0
1
6
<
Is the Competitive Market Fair? 116
It s Not Fair If the Result Isnt Fair 116
It s Not Fair If the Rules Arent Fair 11
Case Study: A Water Shortage in a Natural
Disaster 11
/
READ=>@ BETWEE> THE A=>ES
/
<
Is the Global Market for Roses Efficient? 1 0
/
xvi
Contents
CHAPTER 6 * GOVERNMENT ACTIONS IN
MARKETS 127
CHAPTER 7 * GLOBAL MARKETS IN ACTION
A Housing Market With a Rent Ceiling 128
A Housing Shortage 128
Increased Search Activity 128
A Black Market 128
Inefficiency of a Rent Ceiling 129
Are Rent Ceilings Fai
130
How Global Markets Work 152
International Trade Today 152
hat Drives International Trade 152
hy the United States Imports T-Shirts 153
hy the United States Exports Airplanes 154
BC
A Labor Market With a Minimum Wage 131
Minimum age Brings Unemployment 131
Inefficiency of a Minimum age 131
Is the Minimum age Fai
132
D
D
D
BC
Taxes 133
Tax Incidence 133
A Tax on Sellers 133
A Tax on Buyers 134
Equivalence of Tax on Buyers and Sellers 134
Tax Incidence and Elasticity of Demand 135
Tax Incidence and Elasticity of Supply 136
Taxes and Efficiency 137
Taxes and Fairness 138
Production Quotas and Subsidies 139
Production
otas 139
Subsidies 140
EH
Markets for Illegal Goods 142
A Free Market for a Drug 142
A Market for an Illegal Drug 142
Legalizing and Taxing Drugs 143
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
Government Actions in Labor Markets 144
151
D
D
D
C
Winners, Losers, and the Net Gain from
Trade 155
Gains and Losses from Imports 155
Gains and Losses from Exports 156
Gains for All 156
International Trade Restrictions 157
Tariffs 157
Import
otas 160
ther Import Barriers 162
Export Subsidies 162
J
EH
The Case Against Protection 163
The Infant-Industry Argument 163
The Dumping Argument 163
Saves Jobs 164
Allows Us to Compete with Cheap Foreign
Labor 164
Penalizes Lax Environmental Standards 164
Prevents Rich Countries from Exploiting
Developing Countries 165
ffshore utsourcing 165
Avoiding Trade ars 166
hy Is International Trade Restricte
166
Compensating Losers 167
J
D
J
D
KC
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
A Tarriff on Tires 168
PART TWO WR AP -UP *
Understanding How Markets Work
The Amazing Market 175
Talking with
Susan Athey 176
Contents
PA RT T HREE
HOUSEHOLDS CHOICES 179
CHAPTER 9 * POSSIBILITIES, PREFERENCES,
AND CHOICES 203
CHAPTER 8 * UTILITY AND DEMAND 179
Consumption Possibilities 204
Budget Equation 205
Consumption Choices 180
Consumption Possibilities 180
Preferences 181
Preferences and Indifference Curves 207
Marginal Rate of Substitution 208
Degree of Substitutability 209
Utility-Maximizing Choice 183
A Spreadsheet Solution 183
Choosing at the Margin 184
The Power of Marginal Analysis 186
Revealing Preferences 186
Predicting Consumer Choices 210
Best Affordable Choice 210
A Change in Price 211
A Change in Income 213
Substitution Effect and Income Effect
Predictions of Marginal Utility Theory 187
A Fall in the Price of a Movie 187
A Rise in the Price of Soda 189
A Rise in Income 190
The Paradox of alue 191
Temperature: An Analogy 192
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
M
New Ways of Explaining Consumer
Choices 194
Behavioral Economics 194
Neuroeconomics 195
Controversy 195
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
M
A Paradox of alue: Paramedics and Hockey
Players 196
M
Paper Books ersus e-Books 216
PART THREE WRA P- UP *
Understanding Households Choices
Making the Most of Life 223
Talking with
Steven D. Levitt 224
214
xvii
Contents
xviii
PA RT FO U R
FIRMS AND MAR ETS 227
P
CHAPTER
ST * ORUANIZI[U
PRODUCTION 227
\
The irm and Its Economic Problem 228
The Firms Goal 228
Accounting Profit 228
Economic Accounting 228
A Firms
portunity Cost of Production 228
Economic Accounting: A Summary 229
Decisions 229
The Firms Constraints 230
]^
Technological and Economic Efficiency 231
Technological Efficiency 231
Economic Efficiency 231
_
Information and rganization 233
Command Systems 233
Incentive Systems 233
Mixing the Systems 233
The Principal-Agent Problem 234
Coping with the Principal-Agent Problem 234
Types of Business
anization 234
Pros and Cons of Different Types of Firms 235
]`b
Markets and the Competitive Environment 237
Measures of Concentration 238
Limitations of a Concentration Measure 240
_
h\
Produce or utsource irms and Markets 242
Firm Coordination 242
Market Coordination 242
hy Firm
242
j
kl
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
Battling for Markets in Internet Advertising 244
SS * OUTPUT AND COSTS
vecision Time \rames 252
CHAPTER
251
The Short Run 252
The Long Run 252
whortx{un Technology Constraint
253
Product Schedules 253
Product Curves 253
Total Product Curve 254
Marginal Product Curve 254
Average Product Curve 256
whortx{un Cost
257
Total Cost 257
Marginal Cost 258
Average Cost 258
Marginal Cost and Average Cost 258
hy the Average Total Cost Curve Is
U-Shaped 258
Cost Curves and Product Curves 260
Shifts in the Cost Curves 260
j
|o}~x{un Cost
262
The Production Function 262
Short-Run Cost and Long-Run Cost 262
The Long-Run Average Cost Curve 264
Economies and Diseconomies of Scale 264
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
Cutting the Cost of Producing Electricity 266
Contents
CHAPTER 12 * PERFECT COMPETITION 273
CHAPTER 13 * MONOPOLY 299
What Is Perfect Competition? 274
How Perfect Competition Arises 274
Price Takers 274
Economic Profit and Revenue 274
The Firms Decisions 275
Monopoly and How It Arises 300
How Monopoly Arises 300
Monopoly Price-Setting Strategies 301
The Firm s Output Decision 276
Marginal Analysis and the Supply Decision 277
Temporary Shutdown Decision 278
The Firms Supply Curve 279
Output, Price, and Profit in the Short Run 280
Market Supply in the Short Run 280
Short-Run Equilibrium 281
A Change in Demand 281
Profits and Losses in the Short Run 281
Three Possible Short-Run
tcomes 282
€
Output, Price, and Profit
Entry and Exit 283
A Closer Look at Entry
A Closer Look at Exit
Long-Run Equilibrium
in the Long Run
283
284
284
285
A Single-Price Monopoly s Output and
Price Decision 302
Price and Marginal Revenue 302
Marginal Revenue and Elasticity 303
Price and
tput Decision 304
€
Single-Price Monopoly and
Competition Compared 306
Comparing Price and
tput 306
Efficiency Comparison 307
Redistribution of Surpluses 308
Rent Seeking 308
Rent-Seeking Equilibrium 308
€
Price Discrimination 309
Capturing Consumer Surplus 309
Profiting by Price Discriminating 310
Perfect Price Discrimination 311
Efficiency and Rent Seeking with Price
Discrimination 312
Changing Tastes and Advancing
Technology 286
A Permanent Change in Demand 286
External Economies and Diseconomies 287
Technological Change 289
Monopoly Regulation 313
Efficient Regulation of a Natural Monopoly
Second-Best Regulation of a Natural
Monopoly 314
Competition and Efficiency 290
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
Efficient Use of Resources 290
Choices, Equilibrium, and Efficiency
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
Perfect Competition in Corn 292
290
xix

Is Google Misusing Monopoly Power 316
313
xx
Contents
CHAPTER
‚ƒ * MONOPOLISTIC
COMPETITION 323
„…
What Is Monopolistic Competitio
324
Large Number of Firms 324
Product Differentiation 324
Competing on
ality, Price, and Marketing
†‡
324
Entry and Exit 325
Examples of Monopolistic Competition 325
ˆ
Price and utput in Monopolistic
Competition 326
The Firms Short-Run
tput and Price
Decision 326
Profit Maximizing Might Be Loss
Minimizing 326
Long-Run: ro Economic Profit 327
Monopolistic Competition and Perfect
Competition 328
Is Monopolistic Competition Efficient 329
‰‡
Š‹
Œ

‚Ž * OLIOPOLY
What Is ˆligopoly… 342
CHAPTER
Product evelopment and Marketing 330
Innovation and Product Development 330
Advertising 330
Using Advertising to Signal uality 332
Brand Names 333
Efficiency of Advertising and Brand Names 333
†
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
Product Differentiation and Entry in the Market
for Smart Phones 334
341
Barriers to Entry 342
Small Number of Firms 343
Examples of ligopoly 343
‰
ˆligopoly ames 344
‘hat Is a GameŒ 344
The Prisoners Dilemma 344
An ‰ligopoly Price-Fixing Game
‰ther ‰ligopoly Games 350
346
The Disappearing Invisible Hand 351
A Game of Chicken 352
’epeated ames and “e”uential
ames 353
A Repeated Duopoly Game 353
A Sequential Entry Game in a Contestable
Market 354
•ntitrust –aw
356
The Antitrust Laws 356
Price Fixing Always Illegal 357
Three Antitrust Policy Debates 357
Mergers and Acquisitions 359
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
Gillete and Schick in a Duopoly Game 360
PART FOUR WRA P- UP *
—
Understanding irms and Markets
Managing Change and Limiting Market
Power 367
Talking with
Thomas Hubbard 368
Contents
PA RT FI VE
MAR ET FAILURE AND
OVERNMENT 371
™
˜
CHAPTER 16 * PUBLIC CHOICES AND
PUBLIC GOODS 371
Public Choices 372
hy Governments Exist 372
Public Choice and the Political Marketplace 372
Political Equilibrium 373
hat is a Public Goo
374
A Fourfold Classification 374
Mixed Goods and Externalities 374
Inefficiencies that Require Public Choices 376
š
š
›œ

Providing Public oods 377
The Free-Rider Problem 377
Marginal Social Benefit from a Public
Good 377
Marginal Social Cost of a Public Good 378
Efficient
antity of a Public Good 378
Inefficient Private Provision 378
Efficient Public Provision 378
Inefficient Public
rprovision 380
žŸ

¡¢
Providing Mixed oods with External
enefits 381
Private Benefits and Social Benefits 381
Government Actions in the Market for a Mixed
Good with External Benefits 382
Bureaucratic Inefficiency and Government
Failure 383
Health-Care Services 384
£
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
Reforming Health Care 386
CHAPTER 17 * ECONOMICS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT 393
¤
Negative Externalities Pollution 394
Sources of Pollution 394
Effects of Pollution 394
Private Cost and Social Cost of Pollution 395
Production and Pollution: How Much 396
Property Rights 396
The Coase Theorem 397
Government Actions in a Market with External
Costs 398
œ
The Tragedy of the Commons 400
Sustainable Use of a Renewable Resource 400
The
ruse of a Common Resource 402
Achieving an Efficient
tcome 403
¡¢
Ÿ
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
¥
Tax ersus Cap-and-Trade 406
PART FIVE WR A P-U P *
¦
Understanding Market ailure and
overnment
še, the People,
413
Talking with
Caroline M. Hoxby 414
xxi
ÃÄÅÆeÅÆÇ
xxii
§
PA RT SI
FACTOR MARKETS, INE UALIT
AND UNCERTAINT 417
¨
©
©ª
« * MAR¬ETS FOR FACTORS OF
CHAPTER 1
PRODUCTION 417
­
The Anatomy of actor Markets 418
Markets for Labor Services 418
Markets for Capital Services 418
Markets for Land Services and Natural
Resources 418
Entrepreneurship 418
®
°abor Markets
422
²
±
±
427
Capital and Natural esource Markets 428
Capital Rental Markets 428
Land Rental Markets 428
Nonrenewable Natural Resource Markets 429
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
The Labor Market in Action 432
MATHEMATICAL NOTE
³ ´ µ¶ V·¸¹e ·µd Dº´c»¹µ¶ºµg
Pee
434
Â
±
±
± Â
À
­
A Competitive Labor Market 422
A Labor Market with a Union 424
Scale of the Union Nonunion age
Gap 426
Trends and Differences in age Rates
The Distribution of Income 442
The Income Lorenz Curve 443
The Distribution of ealth 444
ealth or Income 444
Annual or Lifetime Income and ealth
Trends in Inequality 445
Poverty 446
445
Ine uality in the World Economy 448
Income Distributions in Selected Countries
Global Inequality and Its Trends 449
The emand for a actor of Production 419
alue of Marginal Product 419
A Firms Demand for Labor 419
A Firms Demand for Labor Curve 420
Changes in a Firms Demand for Labor 421
¯
¼ * ECONOMIC INE½¾ALIT¿ 441
Economic IneÀuality in the United Átates 442
CHAPTER 1
Á
À
The ources of Economic Ine uality
Human Capital 450
Discrimination 452
Contests Among Superstars 453
Unequal ealth 454
²
450
±
Income edistribution 455
Income Taxes 455
Income Maintenance Programs
Subsidized Services 455
The Big Tradeoff 456
455
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
Trends in Incomes of the Super Rich 458
448
Contents
CHAPTER
ÈÉ * UNCERTAINTÊ AND
INFORMATION 465
Ëecisions in the Ìace of Uncertainty
Expected Íealth 466
Risk Aversion 466
Utility of Íealth 466
466
Grades as Signals 478
PART SIX WRA P- UP *
469
Insurance Markets 469
A Graphical Analysis of Insurance
Risk That Cant Be Insured 471
ÒÑ
READING BETWEEN THE LINES
Expected Utility 467
Making a Choice with Uncertainty 468
Îuying and Ïelling Ðisk
Ñ
Uncertainty Informatio and the Invisible
Hand 477
Information as a Good 477
Monopoly in Markets that Cope with
Uncertainty 477
470
Private Information 472
Asymmetric Information: Examples and
Problems 472
The Market for Used Cars 472
The Market for Loans 475
The Market for Insurance 476
Ì
Ñ
Understanding actor Markets
Ine uality and Uncertainty
For hom 485
Ó Ñ
Í Ô
Talking with
David Card 486
Glossary G-1
Index I-1
Credits C-1
xxiii