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9/27/2014
HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY II
BLOOD
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BLOOD LAB
A connective tissue
Average volume of 5 liters (70 kg male)
45% solid cells or formed elements
(hematocrit [HCT] quantitation)
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MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D.
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
55% liquid plasma
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Water
Plasma proteins
Much more
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BLOOD SMEAR
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Wright’s stain is used to differentially
stain blood cells for identification
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BLOOD SMEAR ~HIGH~
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ALL BLOOD CELLS COME
FROM A LARGE PRIMITIVE
CELL CALLED A
HEMOCYTOBLAST
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BLOOD CELLS
 ERYTHROCYTES
 LEUKOCYTES
 THROMBOCYTES
ERYTHROCYTES
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Red blood cells
4-6 million per mm3 blood (in a healthy
individual)
Biconcave shape
7.5 microns in diameter
Anucleate (live approximately 120 days)
Carry hemoglobin
Transport oxygen
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BLOOD SMEAR ~OIL~
ERYTHROCYTES
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Co 14
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
SEM
LIFE CYCLE OF AN
ERYTHROCYTE
120 DAYS
© Image Source
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LEUKOCYTES
BLOOD CELLS
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 ERYTHROCYTES
LEUKOCYTES
 THROMBOCYTES
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White blood cells
5-10,000 per mm3 blood (in a healthy
individual)
Control Disease
Divided into:
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Granulocytes (with cytoplasmic granules)
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Agranulocytes (lack cytoplasmic granules)
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Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
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LEUKOCYTES
GRANULOCYTES
neutrophil eosinophil
lymphocyte
basophil
NEUTROPHILS
EOSINOPHILS
BASOPHILS
monocyte
Dr. Mary Cat Flath Copyright 2014
Fig. 14.10
NEUTROPHILS
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Most abundant leukocyte
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54-62%
Polymorphonucleocytes
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2-6 nuclear lobes
Phagocytosis of foreign particles
(disease organisms and debris)
Increased during acute bacterial
infections
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© Ed Reschke
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Fig. 14.11
EOSINOPHILS
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1-3% of total leukocytes
Kill parasites and are involved in
allergic reactions
Increased during parasitic infections
and allergic reactions
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tapeworm and hookworm
Release granules of histamine
© Ed Reschke
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Fig. 14.12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
BASOPHILS
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Less than 1% of total leukocytes
Granules of:
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Histamine (vasodilator)
Heparin (inhibits blood clotting)
Increase during inflammatory reactions
May leave blood stream and develop
into mast cells
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Antibodies attach and cause mast cells to
burst, releasing allergy mediators
© Ed Reschke
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Dr. Mary Cat Flath Copyright 2014
LYMPHOCYTES
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AGRANULOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTES
MONOCYTES
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25-33% of total leukocytes
Live for months to years
Range in size from 10-14µ to small 69µ
Function in immunity
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T cells in cell mediated immunity
B cells in antibody mediated immunity
Increased during viral infections (TB,
whooping cough), and tumors
Decreased in immune disorders
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Fig. 14.14
MONOCYTES
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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© Ed Reschke
3-9% of total leukocytes
Phagocytosis
Largest leukocyte (12-20u)
In blood, phagocyte
In tissues, macrophage
Increased in viral and fungal infections
(typhoid fever, malaria, mononucleosis)
and chronic disease
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Fig. 14.13
LEUKOCYTES
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Neutrophil: 54-62%
Eosinophil: 1-3%
Basophil: <1%
© R. Kessel/Visuals Unlimited
Lymphocyte: 25-33%
Dr. Mary Cat Flath Copyright 2014
Leukocyte
Type
Normal
Differential
Percentage
High Count May
Indicate
Low Count May Indicate
Neutrophils
54-62%
Acute bacterial
infection, burns,
stress, inflammation
Radiation exposure, drug toxicity, B12
deficiency, SLE
DIFFERENTIAL
WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT
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Lymphocytes
25-33%
Viral Infections,
Some leukemias
Prolonged illness, immunosuppression,
cortisol treatment
Monocytes
3-9%
Viral or fungal
infections, TB, some
leukemias, other
chronic diseases
Bone marrow depression, cortisol
treatment

Obtain a Wright’s stained blood smear slide.
Working in pairs, become familiar with
identification of each leukocyte
Then view as many fields as needed
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Eosinophils
1-3%
Allergic reactions,
parasitic infections,
autoimmune disease
Drug toxicity, stress
Basophils
<1%
Allergic reactions,
leukemias, cancers,
hypothyroidism
Pregnancy, ovulation, stress,
hyperthyroidism
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Monocyte: 3-9%
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→ → → → → → →↓
←←←←←←←
↓→→→→→→→
←←←←←←←
In order to count 100 total leukocytes (keep a tally
of the observation of each on next slide)
Determine whether the slide observed is from
a healthy individual or make a differential
diagnosis
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DIFFERENTIAL WHITE CELL COUNT
NEUTROPHILS
 ____________
 LYMPHOCYTES
 EOSINOPHILS
 ____________
 ____________
 MONOCYTES
 BASOPHILS
 ____________
 ____________
BLOOD CELLS
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 ERYTHROCYTES
 LEUKOCYTES
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THROMBOCYTES
_________healthy individual
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_________ differential diagnosis
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BLOOD SMEAR ~OIL~
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THROMBOCYTES
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FIBRIN THREADS
SEM
 Platelets
 150-450,000
per mm3 blood
 Fragments of megakaryocytes
 Function in blood clotting
Fibrinogen  fibrin
Calcium and vitamin K
required
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Major Blood Cell Type
Scientific Name
Circulating Concentration/
mm3 blood
General Function
Key Characteristics
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Major Blood Cell Type
red blood cell
white blood cell
platelet
Scientific Name
erythrocyte
leukocyte
thrombocyte
Circulating Concentration/
mm3 blood
4-6 million/
mm3 blood
5-10,000/
mm3 blood
130,000-360,000/
mm3 blood
BLOOD PLASMA
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General Function
transportation of oxygen
fight infection/ control disease
blood clotting
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Key Characteristic
see outline page 3
see outline pages 4-5
are fragments of giant
megakaryocyte; See outline
page 5 & 8
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WATER (91.5%)
PROTEINS (7%; albumin, fibrinogen,
globulin)
NUTRIENTS (amino acids,
monosaccharides, lipoproteins)
WASTES (urea, uric acid, creatine,
creatinine, bilirubin)
GASES (Nitrogen, O2 and CO2)
ELECTROLYTES (Na+, Cl-, Ca++, K-, HCO3-,
etc)
REGULATORY MECHANISMS (enzymes,
hormones)
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BLOOD PLASMA
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WATER (91.5%)
PROTEINS (7%; albumin, fibrinogen,
globulin)
NUTRIENTS (amino acids,
monosaccharides, lipoproteins)
WASTES (urea, uric acid, creatine,
creatinine, bilirubin)
GASES (Nitrogen, O2 and CO2)
ELECTROLYTES (Na+, Cl-, Ca++, K-, HCO3-,
etc)
REGULATORY MECHANISMS (enzymes,
hormones)
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BLOOD TYPING
BLOOD TYPING
BLOOD TYPE IS DETERMINED BY
ANTIGENS PRESENT ON THE
CELL MEMBRANES OF
ERYTHROCYTES
 ANTIGENS ARE INHERITED
 THE TWO ANTIGENS DETERMINE
FOUR BLOOD TYPES
 A, B, AB, O
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AB ANTIBODIES IN PLASMA
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TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
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TRANSFUSION REACTIONS OCCUR
WHEN THE ANTIBODIES IN THE
RECIPIENT’S PLASMA REACT WITH
THE ANTIGENS ON DONATED CELLS
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ANTIBODIES ARE PRODUCED AGAINST NONSELF ANTIGENS
 PERSONS WITH TYPE A BLOOD, PRODUCE
B-ANTIBODIES
 PERSONS WITH TYPE B BLOOD, PRODUCE
A-ANTIBODIES
 PERSONS WITH TYPE AB BLOOD, DO NOT
PRODUCE EITHER A OR B-ANTIBODIES
 PERSONS WITH TYPE O BLOOD, PRODUCE
BOTH A- AND B-ANTIBODIES
I.E. ANTIBODY-B IN RECEIPIENTS
PLASMA REACTS WITH B-ANTIGEN ON
DONATED CELLS
AN IMMUNE RESPONSE OCCURS
WHICH CAUSES CLUMPING
(AGGLUTINATION) AND HEMOLYSIS
OF THE DONATED
CELLS.
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Blood type
Antigens on
rbc’s
Antibodies in
plasma
Compatible
donors
Incompatible
donors
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Blood type
A
B
AB
O
Antigens on
rbc’s
A
B
A AND B
NEITHER
A OR B
Antibodies in
plasma
ANTI ANTI NEITHER BOTH
-B
-A
ANTI-A
ANTI-A
AND B
OR -B
Compatible
donors
A,O
Incompatible
donors
B, AB A, AB
B, O
AB, A, B,
O
O
BLOOD DONORS AND
RECIPIENTS
 UNIVERSAL
DONOR:
TYPE O
 UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT:
TYPE AB
A, B, AB
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Rh Factor
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Rh FACTOR IS AN INHERITED GROUP
OF PROTEINS PRESENT ON SURFACE
OF ERYTHROCYTES
Rh ANTIBODIES DO NOT
SPONTANEOUSLY DEVELOP
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ANTIBODIES DO DEVELOP UPON
EXPOSURE TO Rh ANTIGEN
SIGNIFICANCE: Rh NEGATIVE
MOTHERS WHO IS PREGNANT (WITH
Rh POSITIVE FETUS)
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HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN
RHOGAM is administered to mother
between weeks
28-30 and after birth.
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Blood Typing Exercise
Incidence of Blood Types in the US
Population
Group
Blood Blood
Type Type
0
A
Blood
Type
B
Blood
Type
AB
Rh+
White
45
40
11
4
85
Black
49
27
20
4
95
Korean
32
28
30
10
100
Japanese
31
38
21
10
100
Chinese
42
27
25
6
100
Native
American
79
16
4
1
100
Dr. Mary Cat Flath Copyright 2014
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Working as a table of four, determine
the blood type of the four unknown
individuals.
Use a blood typing plate for each
individual, placing five drops of blood
in each of the three wells (A, B, Rh)
Add five drops of anti-serum to the
appropriate well (Blue = Anti A;
Yellow = Anti B; Green = Anti Rh)
If clumping appears in a well, the
individual is positive for that well.
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Blood Typing Exercise
BROWN GREEN
JONES
Blood Typing Exercise
SMITH
BROWN GREEN
A well
results
A well
results
Neg
B well
results
B well
results
Neg
Rh well
results
Rh well
results
Neg
Bloodtype
Bloodtype
O
negative
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SMITH
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Blood Typing Exercise
Mrs. Brown: O NEGATIVE
BROWN GREEN
A well
results
Neg
Pos
B well
results
Neg
Pos
Rh well
results
Neg
Pos
Bloodtype
O
AB
negative positive
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JONES
SMITH
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Blood Typing Exercise
Mr. Green: AB POSITIVE
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JONES
BROWN GREEN
JONES
A well
results
Neg
Pos
Neg
B well
results
Neg
Pos
Pos
Rh well
results
Neg
Pos
Neg
Bloodtype
O
AB
negative positive
SMITH
B
negative
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Blood Typing Exercise
Mr. Jones: B NEGATIVE
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BROWN GREEN
JONES
SMITH
A well
results
Neg
Pos
Neg
Pos
B well
results
Neg
Pos
Pos
Neg
Rh well
results
Neg
Pos
Neg
Pos
Bloodtype
O
AB
negative positive
B
A
negative positive
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Mr. Smith: A POSITIVE
Other possibilities
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B POSITIVE
A NEGATIVE
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AB NEGATIVE
PRACTICE QUIZ!
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NAME THE LEUKOCYTE
1. WHAT IS A NORMAL
HEMATROCRIT READING?
45
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NAME THE CELL WHICH
GIVES RISE TO ALL OTHER
BLOOD CELLS?
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LM, SEM, OR TEM?
ALL BLOOD CELLS COME
FROM A LARGE PRIMITIVE
CELL CALLED A
HEMOCYTOBLAST
SEM
Dr. Mary Cat Flath Copyright 2014
Name the LEUKOCYTE?
LEUKOCYTES
Neutrophil: 54-62%
Eosinophil: 1-3%
Lymphocyte: 25-33%
Monocyte: 3-9%
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Dr. Mary Cat Flath Copyright 2014
Name the differential percentage
of each leukocyte?
LEUKOCYTES
Neutrophil: 54-62%
Eosinophil: 1-3%
Lymphocyte: 25-33%
Dr. Mary Cat Flath Copyright 2014
Basophil: <1%
Basophil: <1%
Monocyte: 3-9%
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What is this normal circulating
concentration of these cells?
What is this normal circulating
concentration of these cells?
4-6 million per mm3 blood
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Dr. Mary Cat Flath Copyright 2014
Fig. 14.14
LEUKOCYTES
Neutrophil: 54-62%
Eosinophil: 1-3%
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Name the leukocyte?
Basophil: <1%
© Ed Reschke
Lymphocyte: 25-33%
Monocyte: 3-9%
Dr. Mary Cat Flath Copyright 2014
Fig. 14.14
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Fig. 14.10
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lymphocyte
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Name the leukocyte
© Ed Reschke
© Ed Reschke
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Fig. 14.10
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Neutrophil
Name the cells at the pointer tip
© Ed Reschke
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Name the blood type?
Name the cells at the pointer tip
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O NEGATIVE
Name the bloodtype
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B NEGATIVE
What blood type is considered
the universal donor?
O
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negative
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Dr. Flath’S BLOOD SMEAR~OIL IMMERSION~
MONOCYTE
Good luck studying!!
RARELY SEEN
WINOCYTE
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