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PS BIO FM 2/25/05 10:36 AM Page v
Contents
Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Text Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi
Biographies and Primary Sources
Chapter 1: The Incas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Quick Facts about the Incas (box). . . . . . . . . 2
Timeline: The Incas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Biography: Pachacutec, or Pachacuti,
Inca Yupanqui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Enough Great Deeds for Two Sapa Incas (box) . . 13
Primary Source: Juan de Betanzos . . . . . . . . . 21
Narrative of the Incas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Primary Source: Quipu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Photograph and illustrations of the Inca
quipu, a knotted string recording device
from the Inca culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Primary Source: Garcilaso de la Vega, El Inca . . . 41
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Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General
History of Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biography: Atahuallpa . . . . . . . . . . . .
Good Brother/Bad Brother? (box) . . . . . .
Primary Source: Felipe Huaman Poma de Ayala
Illustrations from La primer nueva corónica
y buen gobierno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Chapter 2: The Mayas and their Ancestors . . . . . . . 73
Quick Facts about the Mayas
and their Ancestors (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Timeline: The Mayas and Their Ancestors . . . . . 77
Primary Source: Olmec Stone Roller Stamp . . . . 81
Photograph of an Olmec stone roller stamp
and a drawing of its rolled-out seal . . . . . . . 82
Primary Source: Bar and Dot Number System . . . 87
Illustrations showing how the Mayas used
the Mesoamerican bar and dot number system
for mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Primary Source: Sacred Calendar . . . . . . . . . 93
Illustration of the Maya tzolkin,
or sacred calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Primary Source: Long Count . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Illustrations showing how the Mayas used
the Long Count system to record dates . . . . . 103
Primary Source: Copán Stelae and Monuments . . 111
The Sixteen Kings of the Golden Age
of Copán (box) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Photographs and illustrations of Stela A,
featuring Maya king, 18 Rabbit. . . . . . . . . 116
Biography: Pacal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
The Palenque Kings (box) . . . . . . . . . . . 131
The Discovery of Pacal’s Tomb (box) . . . . . . 133
Primary Source: Popol Vuh . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Popol Vuh: The Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life. . 142
Chapter 3: The Aztec Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Quick Facts about the Aztecs (box) . . . . . . . 153
Timeline: The Aztec Empire . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Biography: Topiltzin-Quetzalcoatl . . . . . . . . 161
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Early Civilizations in the Americas: Biographies and Primary Sources
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Quetzalcoatl, the God (box) . . . . . . . .
Biography: Montezuma I . . . . . . . . . .
Succession of Aztec Kings (box) . . . . . .
Tlacaelel: The Snake Woman (box) . . . . .
Primary Source: Aztec Sun Stone . . . . . . .
Photograph and illustrations of the
Aztec Sun Stone, commonly known
as the Calendar Stone . . . . . . . . . . .
Primary Source: Codex Borgia . . . . . . . .
Illustration of days and gods in
the Aztec calendar, from the Codex Borgia . .
Primary Source: Codex Mendoza . . . . . . .
Illustration of the founding of Tenochtitlán,
from the Codex Mendoza . . . . . . . . . .
Primary Source: Nezahualcoyotl . . . . . . .
Selected poems of Nezahualcoyotl . . . . .
Biography: Montezuma II . . . . . . . . . .
Biography: Malinche . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hernán Cortés, 1485-1547 (box) . . . . . .
Primary Source: Bernal Díaz . . . . . . . . .
The Conquest of New Spain . . . . . . . . .
Primary Source: Aztec Poetry . . . . . . . .
“Elegies on the Fall of the City” . . . . . .
“The Fall of Tenochtitlan” . . . . . .
“The Imprisonment of Cuauhtemoc” .
“Flowers and Songs of Sorrow” . . . .
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Where to Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xli
Contents
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