Download Newton (unit)

Newton (unit)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The newton (symbol: N) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit of force. It is named
after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically Newton's second
law of motion.
Contents
1 Definition
Newton
Unit system
SI derived unit
Unit of
Force
Symbol
N Named after
Sir Isaac Newton
In SI base units:
1 N = 1 kg⋅m/s2
2 Examples
3 Common use of kilonewtons in construction
4 Conversion factors
5 See also
6 Notes and references
Definition
1 Newton is the force needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second squared.
In 1946, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) resolution 2 standardized the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount
needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second squared. The 9th CGPM, held in 1948, then adopted the name "newton" for
this unit in resolution 7.[1] This name honors the English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton, who laid the foundations for most of classical
mechanics. The newton thus became the standard unit of force in le Système International d'Unités (SI), or International System of Units.
Newton's second law of motion states that F = ma, where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the object receiving the force, and a is the acceleration
of the object. The newton is therefore:[2]
1 N = 1 kg⋅m/s2
where the following symbols are used for the units:
N: newton
kg: kilogram
m: metre
s: second.
In dimensional analysis:
where
F: force
M: mass
L: length
T: time.
This SI unit is named after Isaac Newton. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit whose name is derived from the proper name of a
person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (N). However, when an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter
(newton), except in a situation where any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in capitalized material
such as a title. Note that “degree Celsius” conforms to this rule because the “d” is lowercase.— Based on The International System of Units
(http://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si­brochure/section5­2.html), section 5.2.
Examples
1 N is the force of Earth's gravity on a mass of about 102 g = (1∕9.81 kg).
On Earth's surface, a mass of 1 kg exerts a force of approximately 9.81 N [down] (or 1.0 kilogram­force; 1 kgf = 9.80665 N by definition). The
approximation of 1 kgf corresponding to 10 N (1 decanewton or daN) is sometimes used as an approximation in everyday life and in engineering.
The force of Earth's gravity on (= the weight of) a human being with a mass of 70 kg is approximately 686 N.
The dot product of force and distance is mechanical work. Thus, in SI units, a force of 1 N exerted over a distance of 1 m is 1 N⋅m of work. The
Work­Energy Theorem states that the work done on a body is equal to the change in energy of the body. 1 N⋅m = 1 J (joule), the SI unit of energy.
It is common to see forces expressed in kilonewtons or kN, where 1 kN = 1,000 N. See SI prefix.
Common use of kilonewtons in construction
Kilonewtons are often used for stating safety holding values of fasteners, anchors, and more in the building industry. They are also often used in the
specifications for rock climbing equipment. The safe working loads in both tension and shear measurements can be stated in kilonewtons. Injection
moulding machines, used to manufacture plastic parts, are classed by kilonewton (i.e., the amount of clamping force they apply to the mould).
On the Earth's surface, 1 kN is about 101.97162 kilogram­force of load, so multiplying the kilonewton value by 100 (i.e. using a slightly conservative
and easier to calculate value) is a good approximation.[3]
Conversion factors
newton
(SI unit)
≡ 1 kg⋅m/s2
dyne
Units of force
kilogram­force,
kilopond
pound­force
poundal
= 105 dyn
≈ 0.10197 kp
≈ 0.22481 lbF
≈ 7.2330 pdl
1 dyn = 10−5 N
≡ 1 g⋅cm/s2
≈ 1.0197 × 10−6 kp
≈ 2.2481 × 10−6 lbF
≈ 7.2330 × 10−5 pdl
1 kp = 9.80665 N
= 980665 dyn
≡ gn⋅(1 kg)
≈ 2.2046 lbF
≈ 70.932 pdl
1 lbF ≈ 4.448222 N
≈ 444822 dyn
≈ 0.45359 kp
≡ gn⋅(1 lb)
≈ 32.174 pdl
1 pdl ≈ 0.138255 N
≈ 13825 dyn
≈ 0.014098 kp
≈ 0.031081 lbF
≡ 1 lb⋅ft/s2
1 N
The value of gn as used in the official definition of the kilogram­force is used here for all gravitational units.
Base
Force (F)
Weight (w)
Three approaches to mass and force units[4][5]
force, length, time
weight, length, time
mass, length, time
F = m⋅ ga = w⋅ ag
F = m⋅a = w⋅ ag
F = m⋅a = w⋅ ag
c
w = m⋅ gg ≈ m
w = m⋅g
System
BG
Acceleration (a) ft/s2
w = m⋅g
c
GM
EE
M
AE
CGS
MTS
SI
m/s2
ft/s2
m/s2
ft/s2
Gal
m/s2
m/s2
Mass (m)
slug
hyl
lbm
kg
lb
g
t
kg
Force (F)
lb
kp
lbF
kp
pdl
dyn
sn
N
lb/in2
at
PSI
atm
pdl/ft2 Ba
pz
Pa
Pressure (p)
See also
Force gauge
International System of Units (SI)
Joule, SI unit of energy, 1 newton exerted over a distance of 1 metre
Kilogram­force, force exerted by Earth's gravity at sea level on one kilogram of mass
Kip (unit)
Pascal, SI unit of pressure, 1 newton acting on an area of 1 square metre
Orders of magnitude (force)
Pound (force)
Sthène
Notes and references
1. ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures (1977), The international system of units (http://books.google.com/books?id=YvZNdSdeCnEC&pg=PA17) (330–
331) (3rd ed.), U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, p. 17, ISBN 0745649742.
2. ^ "Table 3. Coherent derived units in the SI with special names and symbols" (http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2­2/table3.html). The International
System of Units (SI). International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 2006.
3. ^ Convert kilonewtons to kilograms­force ­ Conversion of Measurement Units (http://www.convertunits.com/from/kilonewtons/to/kilograms­force)
4. ^ Michael R. Lindeburg (2011). Civil Engineering Reference Manual for the Pe Exam. Professional Publications. ISBN 1591263417.
5. ^ Wurbs, Ralph A, Fort Hood Review Sessions for Professional Engineering Exam (http://engineeringregistration.tamu.edu/tapedreviews/Fluids­PE/PDF/Fluids­
PE.pdf), retrieved October 26, 2011
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newton_(unit)&oldid=644656014"
Categories: Units of force SI derived units
This page was last modified on 29 January 2015, at 04:44.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the
Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non­profit organization.