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18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions KEY CONCEPT Infections can be caused in several ways. 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions Viruses, bacteria, viroids, and prions can all cause infection. • Any disease-causing agent is called a pathogen. 1 nanometer (nm) = one billionth of a meter 100 nm eukaryotics cells 10,000-100,000 nm viruses 50-200 nm prokaryotics cells 200-10,000 nm viroids 5-150 nm prion 2-10 nm 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions • A virus is made of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. – non-living pathogen – can infect many organisms • A viroid is made only of single-stranded RNA. – causes disease in plants – passed through seeds or pollen 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions • A prion is made only of proteins. – causes misfolding of other proteins – results in diseases of the brain 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions KEY CONCEPT Viruses exist in a variety of shapes and sizes. 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions Viruses differ in shape and in ways of entering host cells. • Viruses have a simple structure. – genetic material – capsid, a protein shell – maybe a lipid envelope, a protective outer coat enveloped (influenza) capsid nucleic acid lipid envelope helical (rabies) Surface proteins capsid nucleic acid surface proteins lipid envelope polyhedral (foot-and-mouth disease) surface proteins capsid nucleic acid 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions • Bacteriophages infect bacteria. capsid DNA tail sheath tail fiber 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions • Viruses enter cells in various ways. – bacteriophages pierce host cells colored SEM; magnifications: large photo 25,000; inset 38,000x 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions • Viruses enter cells in various ways. – viruses of eukaryotes enter by endocytosis 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions • Viruses enter cells in various ways. – viruses of eukaryotes also fuse with membrane 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions Viruses cause two types of infections. • A lytic infection causes the host cell to burst. host bacterium The bacterophage attaches and injects it DNA into a host bacterium. The host bacterium breaks apart, or lyses. Bacteriophages are able to infect new host cells. The viral DNA forms a circle. The viral DNA directs the host cell to produce new viral parts. The parts assemble into new bacteriophages. The virus may enter the lysogenic cycle, in which the host cell is not destroyed. 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions • A lysogenic infection does no immediate harm. The prophage may leave the host’s DNA and enter the lytic cycle. The viral DNA is called a prophage when it combines with the host cell’s DNA. Many cell divisions produce a colony of bacteria infected with prophage. Although the prophage is not active, it replicates along with the host cell’s DNA. 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions KEY CONCEPT Some viral diseases can be prevented with vaccines. 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions Viruses cause many infectious diseases • There are many examples of viral infections. – common cold 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions Viruses cause many infectious diseases • There are many examples of viral infections. – common cold – influenza 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions Viruses cause many infectious diseases • There are many examples of viral infections. – common cold – influenza – SARS 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions Viruses cause many infectious diseases • There are many examples of viral infections. – HIV • The body has natural defenses against viruses. HIV-infected white blood cell 18.1 Viruses Prokaryotes 18.2 Studying Viruses andand Prions Vaccines are made from weakened pathogens. • A vaccine stimulates the body’s own immune response. • Vaccines prepare the immune system for a future attack. • Vaccines are the only way to control the spread of viral disease.
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