Download powder microscopy

Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
POWDER MICROSCOPY
Powder analysis plays a significant role in identification of crude drug.
These characters will help in the identification of right variety and search for
adulterants. Powder microscopy is one of the simplest and cheapest methods to start
with for establishing the correct identity of the source materials. It is useful for further
pharmacological and therapeutic evaluation along with the standardization of plant
material. Preliminary examination and behavior of the powder with different chemical
reagents was carried out and microscopical examination was carried out after
treatment with different reagents like Phloroglucinol, Conc. HCl, Ruthenium red,
Acetic acid and Iodine solution.
9.1 Powder analysis of Coccinia grandis leaf
9.1.1 Preliminary test
Leaf powder was characterized by morphological features like dark green
colour, presence of specific characteristic and bitter taste (Fig No 129).
Sr. No,
Test
Observation
Inference
1
Colour
Green
Leaf drug
2
Odour
Specific
Aromatic crude drug
3
Taste
Bitter
Drug contain triterpenoids
Table No.129: Preliminary test of Coccinia grandis leaf powder
9.1.2 Microscopical observation of Coccinia grandis leaf powder
Microscopic study of powder reveals the presence of xylem, vessel elements,
epidermal cells and spongy mesophyll parenchyma (Fig No 103).
183
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
9.1.3 Micro-chemical test
The micro chemical test of Coccinia grandis leaf powder reveals the presence of
lignified cells, cuticle and crystals of calcium oxalate. The mucilaginous cells,
Hemicellulose, stone cells and endodermal starch grains were absent (Table No 130).
Reagent
Observation
Phloroglucinol + Conc. HCl
Pink colour
Characteristics
Lignified cells are present
Power + Ruthenium red
Black colour
Mucilaginous cells are absent
Powder + Sudan red III
Pink colour
Cuticle
Powder + Dilute iodine Black colour
Hemicellulose absent
solution + Conc. Sulphuric
acid
Powder +Dilute HCl
Soluble
Calcium oxalate crystal are present
Powder + Sulphuric acid.
Brown colour
Stone cell absent
Powder
+
Dil.
iodine No Blue
Endodermis without Starch
solution.
TableNo.130: Microchemical test of Coccinia grandis leaf powder
9.2 Powder analysis of Coccinia grandis fruit
9.2.1 Preliminary test
The fruit powder was characterized by its morphological features like white
colour, presence of specific odour and bitter taste (Table No 131).
Sr. No,
Test
Observation
Inference
1
Colour
Green
Fruit drug
2
Odour
Specific
Aromatic crude drug
3
Taste
Bitter
Drug contain triterpenoids
Table No.131: Preliminary test of Coccinia grandis fruit powder
9.2.2 Microscopical observation of Coccinia grandis fruit powder
Microscopic study reveals the presence of oil globules and parenchyma cells (Fig
No 104).
184
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
9.2.3 Micro chemical test
The micro chemical test of Coccinia grandis fruit powder reveals the presence
of lignified cells, cuticle, Hemicellulose, mucilaginous cells, endodermal starch
grains. Calcium oxalate crystal and stone cells were absent (Table No 132).
Reagent
Observation
Phloroglucinol + Conc. HCl
Power + Ruthenium red
Pink colour
Pink colour
Characteristics.
Lignified cells are present
mucilaginous cells are present in
epidermis
Powder + Sudan III
Powder
+
Dilute
Pink colour
iodine Blue colour
Cuticle
Hemicellulose present
solution + Conc. Sulphuric
acid
Powder + Dilute HCl
Insoluble
Calcium oxalate crystal are absent
Powder + Sulphuric acid.
Brown colour
Stone cell absent
Blue
Starch in endodermis is present
Powder
+
Dilute
iodine
solution.
Table No.132: Microchemical test of Coccinia grandis fruit powder
9.3 Powder analysis of Lagenaria siceraria leaf
9.3.1 Preliminary test
Powder was characterized by its morphological features like green colour,
presence of characteristic odour (Table No 133).
Sr. No.
Test
Observation
Inference
1
Colour
Green
Leaf drug
2
Odour
Characteristic
Aromatic crude drug
3
Taste
Bitter
Drug contain alkaloids
Table.No.133: Preliminary tests of Lagenaria siceraria leaf powder
9.3.2 Microscopical observation of Lagenaria siceraria leaf powder: Microscopical
study reveals the presence epidermal fragments, small parenchymatous cells in group
and trichome (Fig No 105).
185
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
9.3.3 Micro chemical tests
The micro chemical test of Lagenaria siceraria leaf powder reveals the presence of
lignified cells, cuticle and mucilaginous cells. Calcium oxalate crystal, Hemicellulose
Starch grains and stone cells were absent (Table No 134).
Reagent
Observation
Phloroglucinol + Conc. HCl
Power+ Ruthenium red
Pink colour
Pink colour
Characteristics.
Lignified cells are present
mucilaginous cells are present in
epidermis
Powder + Sudan III
Pink colour
Powder + Dilute iodine solution No Blue colour
Cuticle
Hemicellulose Absent
+ Conc. Sulphuric acid
Powder + Dilute HCl
Insoluble
Calcium oxalate crystal are
absent
Powder + Sulphuric acid.
Brown colour
Stone cell absent
Powder + Dil. iodine solution.
No Blue
Starch in endodermis is Absents
Table No.134: Microchemical test of Lagenaria siceraria leaf powder
9.4 Powder analysis of Lagenaria siceraria fruit
9.4.1 Preliminary test
Powder is characterized by its morphological features like yellowish colour,
presence of specific odour and bitter taste (Table No 135).
Sr. No.
Test
Observation
Inference
1
Colour
Yellowish
Fruit drug
2
Odour
Specific
Aromatic crude drug
3
Taste
Bitter
Drug contain triterpenoids
Table No135: Preliminary test of L. siceraria fruit powder
9.4.2 Microscopical observation of Lagenaria siceraria fruit powder
Microscopic study of powder reveals the presence of polygonal cells and starch
granules (Fig No 106).
186
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
9.4.3 Microchemical test
The micro chemical test of Lagenaria siceraria fruit powder reveals the presence
of lignified cells, cuticle, mucilaginous cells and starch grains. Calcium oxalate
crystal, hemicellulose and stone cells are absent (Table No 136).
Reagent
Observation
Phloroglucinol + Conc. HCl
Power+ Ruthenium red
Pink colour
Pink colour
Characteristics.
Lignified cells are present
Mucilaginous cells are present in
epidermis
Powder + Sudan red III
Powder
+Dilute
Pink colour
iodine No Blue colour
Cuticle
Hemicellulose Absent
solution + Conc. Sulphuric
acid
Powder + Dilute HCl
Insoluble
Calcium oxalate crystal are absent
Powder + Sulphuric acid.
Brown colour
Stone cell absent
Powder+
Blue
Starch in endodermis is presents
Dilute
iodine
solution.
Table No 136: Microchemical test of Lagenaria siceraria fruit powder
9.5 Powder analysis of Trichosanthes tricuspidata leaf
9.5.1 Preliminary test
Powder is characterized by its morphological features like brownish colour,
characteristic odour and bitter taste (Table No 137).
Sr. No.
Test
Observation
Inference
al
Colour
Brownish colour
Leaf drug
2
Odour
Characteristics
Aromatic crude drug
3
Taste
Bitter
Drug contain alkaloids
Table No.137: Preliminary test of T. tricuspidata leaf powder
9.5.2 Microscopical observation of T. tricuspidata leaf powder
Microscopic study reveals the presence of trichomes and palisade cells (Fig No 107).
187
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
9.5.3 Microchemical tests
The micro chemical test of Trichosanthes tricuspidata leaf powder reveals the
presence of lignified cells, cuticle, mucilaginous cells, starch grains and
hemicellulose. Calcium oxalate crystals and stone cells were absent (Table No 138).
Reagent
Observation
Phloroglucinol + Con HCl
Pink colour
Power+ Ruthenium red
Pink colour
Characteristics.
Lignified cells are present
Mucilage nous cells are present in
epidermis
Powder + Sudan red III
Pink colour
Cuticle
Powder + Dilute iodine
Blue colour
Hemicellulose present
Powder + Dilute HCl
Insoluble
Calcium oxalate crystal are absent
Powder+ Sulphuric acid.
Brown colour
Stone cell absent
Powder
Blue
Starch in endodermis is presents
solution + Conc. Sulphuric
acid
+
Dil
iodine
solution.
Table No 138: Microchemical test of T. tricuspidata leaf powder
9.6 Powder analysis of Trichosanthes tricuspidata fruit
9.6.1 Preliminary test
Powder was characterized by its morphological features like brownish yellow
colour presence of specific odour and bitter taste (Table No 139).
Sr. No.
Test
Observation
Inference
l
Colour
Brownish yellow
Fruit drug
2
Odour
Specific
Aromatic crude drug
3
Taste
Bitter
Drug contain triterpenoids
Table No.139: Preliminary test of T. siceraria fruit powder
9.6.2 Microscopical observation of T. tricuspidata fruit powder: Microscopic study
of powder reveals the presence epidermal fragments, stone cells, lignified cells (Fig
No 108).
188
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
9.6.3 Micro chemical tests
The micro chemical test of Trichosanthes tricuspidata fruit powder reveals the
presence of lignified cells; cuticle, mucilaginous cells, starch grains and. Calcium
oxalate crystal, hemicellulose and stone cells were absent (Table No 140).
Reagent
Observation
Phloroglucinol + Conc. HCl
Power+ Ruthenium red
Pink colour
Pink colour
Characteristics.
Lignified cells are present
mucilaginous cells are present in
epidermis
Powder + Sudan red III
Pink colour
Powder +Dilute iodine solution No Blue colour
Cuticle
Hemicellulose Absent
+Conc. Sulphuric acid
Powder + Dilute HCl
Insoluble
Calcium
oxalate
crystal
are
absent
Powder+ Sulphuric acid.
Green colour
Stone cell are present
Powder + Dil. iodine solution.
Blue
Starch in endodermis is presents
Table.No140: Microchemical test of Trichosanthes tricuspidata fruit powder
9.7 Powder analysis of Diplocyclos palmatus leaf
9.7.1 Preliminary test
Powder was dark green in colour; presence characteristic odour and bitter in taste
(Table No 141).
Sr. No.
Test
Observation
Inference
l
Colour
Dark green
Leaf drug
2
Odour
Characteristic
Aromatic crude drug
3
Taste
Bitter
Drug contain triterpenoids
Table No141: Preliminary test of D. palmatus leaf powder
9.7.2 Microscopical observation of D. palmatus leaf powder
Microscopic study of powder reveals the presence of, starch granules and oil
globules (Fig No 109).
189
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
9.7.3 Micro chemical tests
The micro chemical test of Diplocyclos palmatus leaf powder reveals the presence
of cuticle, starch grains, hemicellulose. Calcium oxalate crystal, mucilaginous cells,
lignified cells and stone cells were absent (Table No 142).
Reagent
Observation
Characteristics.
Phloroglucinol + Conc. HCl
No pink colour
Lignified cells are absent
Power+ Ruthenium red
No pink colour
mucilaginous cells are absent in
epidermis
Powder + Sudan red III
Powder
+
Dilute
Pink colour
Cuticle
iodine Blue colour
Hemicellulose present
solution +Conc. Sulphuric acid
Powder +Dilute HCl
Insoluble
Calcium oxalate crystal are absent
Powder + Sulphuric acid.
Brown colour
Stone cell are absent
Powder + Dil. iodine solution.
Blue
Starch in endodermis is presents
Table No.142: Microchemical test of Diplocyclos palmatus leaf powder
9.8 Powder analysis of Diplocyclos palmatus fruit
9.8.1 Preliminary test
Powder was dark brown colours, specific odour and bitter taste. (Table No 143).
Sr. No.
Test
Observation
Inference
l
Colour
Dark green
Leaf drug
2
Odour
Characteristic
Aromatic crude drug
3
Taste
Bitter
Drug contain triterpenoids
Table No 143: Preliminary test of D. palmatus fruit powder
9.8.2 Microscopical observation of D. palmatus fruit powder
Microscopic study reveals the presence of calcium oxalate crystals and oval
epidermal cells (Fig No 110).
190
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
9.8.3 Micro chemical tests
The micro chemical test of Diplocyclos palmatus fruit powder reveals the presence of
cuticle, starch grains, hemicellulose, mucilaginous cells and calcium oxalate crystal.
Lignified cells and stone cells were absent (Table No 144).
Reagent
Observation
Characteristics.
Phloroglucinol + Conc. HCl
No pink colour
Lignified cells are absent
Power+ Ruthenium red
pink colour
mucilaginous cells are present in
epidermis
Powder + Sudan red III
Pink colour
Powder +Dilute iodine solution Blue colour
Cuticle
Hemicellulose present
+Conc. Sulphuric acid
Powder + Dilute HCl
Soluble
Calcium oxalate crystal are present
Powder + Sulphuric acid.
Brown colour
Stone cell are absent
Powder + Dil. iodine solution.
Blue
Starch in endodermis is presents
Table No144: Microchemical test of Diplocyclos palmatus fruit powder
9.9 Powder analysis of Cucumis setosus leaf
9.9.1 Preliminary test
Powder was green colours, specific odour and bitter taste (Table No 145).
Sr. No.
Test
Observation
Inference
l
Colour
Green
Leaf drug
2
Odour
Specific
Aromatic crude drug
3
Taste
Bitter
Drug contain alkaloids
Table No145: Preliminary test of C. setosus leaf powder
9.9.2 Microscopical observation of C. setosus leaf powder
Microscopic study reveals the presence of broken parenchyma cells and starch
granules (Fig No 111).
191
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
9.9.3 Micro chemical tests
The micro chemical test of Cucumis setosus leaf powder reveals the presence of
cuticle, starch grains, hemicellulose and lignified cells, stone cells, calcium oxalate
crystal were absent (Table No 146).
Reagent
Observation
Characteristics.
Phloroglucinol + Conc. HCl
Pink colour
Lignified cells are present
Power+ Ruthenium red
No
Powder + Sudan red III
pink Mucilaginous cells are absent in
colour
epidermis
Pink colour
Cuticle
Powder +Dilute iodine solution + Blue colour
Hemicellulose present
Conc. Sulphuric acid
Powder + Dilute HCl
Insoluble
Calcium oxalate crystal are
absent
Powder+ Sulphuric acid.
Brown colour
Stone cell are absent
Powder + Dil. iodine solution.
Blue
Starch in endodermis is presents
Table No146: Microchemical test of Cucumis setosus leaf powder
9.10 Powder analysis of Cucumis setosus fruit
9.10.1 Preliminary test
Powder was brown colours, specific odour and bitter taste (Table No 147).
Sr. No.
Test
Observation
Inference
l
Colour
Brown
Fruit drug
2
Odour
Specific
Aromatic crude drug
3
Taste
Bitter
Drug contain triterpenoids
Table No147: Preliminary test of C. setosus fruit powder
9.10.2 Microscopical observation of C. setosus fruit powder
Microscopic study reveals the presence of oil globules and starch granules (Fig
No 112).
192
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
9.10.3 Microchemical tests
The microchemical test of Cucumis setosus fruit powder reveals the presence of
lignified cells, cuticle, starch grains, hemicellulose and lignified cells. Stone cells,
calcium oxalate crystal were absent (Table No 148).
Reagent
Observation
Characteristics.
Phloroglucinol + Conc. HCl
Pink colour
Lignified cells are present
Power+ Ruthenium red
pink colour
mucilaginous cells are present in
epidermis
Powder + Sudan red III
Pink colour
Powder +Dilute iodine solution Blue colour
Cuticle
Hemicellulose present
+Conc. Sulphuric acid
Powder+ Dilute HCl
Insoluble
Calcium oxalate crystal are absent
Powder+ Sulphuric acid.
Brown
Stone cell are absent
colour
Powder + Dil. iodine solution.
Blue colour
Starch in endodermis is presents
Table No148: Microchemical test of Cucumis setosus fruit powder
193
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
194
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015
Chapter 9: Powder Microscopy
195
Ph. D. Thesis: Miss Sandhya V. Rodge, 2015