Download The Stoichiometry Project Handout

Name:
Date:
Period:
Project Description:
In this project, you will be using your knowledge of chemical reactions and stoichiometry to predict how much
product you will be making from a set of materials. In other words, you will be given a set of chemicals and will be asked
to mix them together in order to create a chemical reaction. You will then use stoichiometry, which is the “math” behind
the chemical reaction, to figure out how much material you will produce from a chemical reaction.
Topics we will be studying:






Chemical vs. physical changes
Evidence of a chemical reaction
Conservation of matter/how to balance chemical reactions
Dimensional analysis
Moles
Stoichiometry
Essential Questions:





What happens when chemicals react?
How do we represent chemical reactions with equations?
Is matter really conserved in chemical reactions?
How can we use stoichiometry to calculate the amount of chemicals we start off with or end up with?
What real-life applications can we use stoichiometry for?
Products:

homework Assignments, reflections, test, formal lab report on stoichiometry
Tentative Schedule:
Day
Tuesday
Friday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Monday
Tuesday
Date
8-Mar
11-Mar
14-Mar
15-Mar
16-Mar
17-Mar
18-Mar
21-Mar
22-Mar
23-Mar
24-Mar
25-Mar
28-Mar
29-Mar
Activity
chemical/physical change
what is a chemical reaction, bonding and chemical change
evidence for chemical reactions & endo/exothermic reactions
what are chemical equations, reading chemical compounds
conservation of matter/balancing chemical reactions
dimensional analysis, review of units
dimensional analysis
moles to particles
moles to grams
moles to liters
Mole road map/intro to stoichiometry
stoichiometry
Stoichiometry Lab/how to use Microsoft equation
TEST, Lab write-up help/how to type up calculations in word
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STEP 1: CHANGES OF MATTER – IDENTIFYING PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL CHANGES_____
In this step, you will observe changes in matter and identify whether they are physical or chemical changes.
Review: Find the valence electrons and Lewis Dot Structures for the following elements:
Mg
O
Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for the following compounds:
O2
MgO
Journal: I have a piece of paper with my bank account number and PIN password. List all the ways that you can think of
to destroy it down below.
1.
2.
Physical Change:
Chemical Change/Reaction:
2
Chemical Changes on a Molecular Level
Let’s look at the chemical reaction of magnesium and oxygen.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2i9jLPXprQ
Describe what magnesium ribbon looks like:
Describe what oxygen looks like:
Describe what magnesium oxide (MgO) looks like:
Let’s look at the chemical equation for the reaction:
2 Mg (s) + O2(g) ----> 2 MgO(s)
On a molecular level, chemical changes occur when….
3
Homework
4
Stoichiometry Reflection #1
Please type up your answers using size 12, Times New Roman, double-spaced font. You should be thorough and
complete in answering all of these questions. Please email me your answers when you are done.
1.) What is the difference between a chemical and physical change?
2.) Name 3 examples of where you see physical changes in your daily life. Name 3 examples of where you see chemical
changes in your daily life.
3.) When silver coins are found on ancient shipwrecks, they are covered with a black crust. What can you do to figure
out whether this is a chemical or a physical change?
4.) In terms of chemical bonds and electrons, what kinds of changes occur between atoms in substances when
substances go through chemical reactions?
5.) Your friend claims that the change from liquid water to water vapor (gas) is a chemical change. What would you say
to your friend? Do you agree with your friend or is it a physical change? Why or why not?
6.) Look at the following chemical reactions and answer the questions
 When iron rusts, the chemical reaction is
4Fe
+ 3O2 -------> 2Fe2O3
a.) Which bonds must break for this reaction to happen?
b.) Which bonds must form for this reaction to happen?
c.) What is needed for the reaction to happen and for the bonds between elements to break?
 In a combustion reaction, methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
CH4 (methane gas)
+
2O2
-------->
CO2
+
2H2O
d.) Which bonds must break for this reaction to happen?
e.) Which bonds must form for this reaction to happen?
f.) What is needed for the reaction to happen and for the bonds between elements to break?
5
STEP 2: EVIDENCE FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS (CHANGES IN PROPERTIES)
In this step, you will learn how to tell whether a chemical reaction has occurred or not.
There are 2 main ways to tell if a chemical reaction has occurred:
1.
2.
Changes in Properties
3 things may happen to the properties of materials if you have a chemical reaction
1.)
Ex: Water to Wine from http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryhowtoguide/ht/waterwine.htm
2.)
Ex: Reaction of silver chloride and silver nitrate
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RmVwz2fNGc
3.)
Ex: alka seltzer and vinegar
6
Mostly Cloudy Mini-Lab
1.) Put on googles.
2.) Label 1 plastic cup “water” and 1 plastic cup “limewater.”
3.) Measure out 5 mL of water and pour it into the cup labeled “water.”
4.) Measure out 5 mL of limewater and pour it into the cup labeled “limewater.”
5.) Add 5 mL of carbonated water into each cup. Observe what happens.
Fill out this data table:
Materials
Observations
Water + carbonated water
Limewater + carbonated water
Journal: In which cup did you think a chemical reaction occurred? What evidence supports your conclusion?
7
Homework
Stoichiometry Reflection #2
Please type up your answers using size 12, Times New Roman, double-spaced font. You should be thorough and
complete in answering all of these questions. Please email me your answers when you are done.
1.) What experiments or reactions did you like doing today in class? Why?
2.) What are some ways to tell if a chemical reaction or change has happened?
3.) What lessons did you learn from the “Mostly Cloudly Mini-Lab?” Which chemicals had a reaction? Which chemicals
did not? How do you know?
4.) Look at the following pictures and explain how you know a chemical reaction occurred for each picture:
Picture #1:
Picture #2:
<----- leaves changing colors
Picture #3: You make bread dough and then bake it.
8
STEP 3: EVIDENCE FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS (EXO & ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS)
Journal: We’ve already learned a couple of ways to identify whether a chemical reaction has occurred or not. What are
some signs that show us whether a chemical reaction has occurred or not?
One more way to see whether a chemical reaction has occurred or not is from ________________________________
***NOTE: every chemical reaction needs some energy to get started. We call this energy the ____________________.
Picture A
Picture B
There are 2 types of reactions:
Some reactions __________________________ while others ______________________________________________.
1.
2.
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Evidence For Chemical Reactions Lab
Adapted from http://www.middleschoolscience.com/bag.htm
Objective: In this lab, you will be observing a couple of chemical reactions and
finding ways to describe how you know chemical reactions have actually
occurred.
Materials:
 sandwich size zip top bag (x3)
 2 plastic spoons
 2 tbsp calcium chloride (x3)
 2 Tbsp. baking soda (x3)



1 test tube of water (x3)
30 mL of phenolphthalein (x3)
Goggles, gloves, lab apron
Procedure Bag 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Place 2 tsp of baking soda into the bag.
Add 30 mL of Phenolphthalein to the bag.
Massage the bag to mix the contents.
VERY CAREFULLY - lower the test tube containing 30 mL of water upright into the bag. Do not let any spill out.
One group member should hold the test tube by squeezing the test tube gently from the outside of the bag
while another group member squeezes the excess air out and seals the bag.
6. Hold the test tube and bag up and slowly spill the water out of the test tube (while the bag is still sealed).
Observe the reaction and record what you see and feel happening in the data section.
7. Pass the bag around and let all group members look at and feel the contents of the bag.
Procedure Bag 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Place 2 tsp of calcium chloride into the bag.
Add 30 mL of Phenolphthalein to the bag.
Massage the bag to mix the contents.
VERY CAREFULLY - lower the test tube containing 30 mL of water upright into the bag. Do not let any spill out.
One group member should hold the test tube by squeezing the test tube gently from the outside of the bag
while another group member squeezes the excess air out and seals the bag.
6. Hold the test tube and bag up and slowly spill the water out of the test tube (while the bag is still sealed).
Observe the reaction and record what you see and feel happening in the data section.
7. Pass the bag around and let all group members look at and feel the contents of the bag.
Procedure Bag 3:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Place 2 tsp of baking soda into the bag.
Place 2 tsp of calcium chloride.
Add 30 mL of Phenolphthalein .
Massage the bag to mix the contents.
VERY CAREFULLY - lower the test tube containing 30 mL of water upright into the bag. Do not let any spill out.
One group member should hold the test tube by squeezing the test tube gently from the outside of the bag
while another group member squeezes the excess air out and seals the bag.
7. Hold the test tube and bag up and slowly spill the water out of the test tube (while the bag is still sealed).
Observe the reaction and record what you see and feel happening in the data section.
8. Pass the bag around and let all group members look at and feel the contents of the bag.
10
*****AS PART OF YOUR HOMEWORK, PLEASE EMAIL ME YOUR DATA & OBSERVATIONS SECTION AND THE
CONCLUSION SECTION.
Data & Observations
Fill out the following table for the chemical reaction that you saw happening in each bag.
What happened with
the color?
Were
foam/bubbles/gas
produced?
Was there a
temperature change?
Did it get hotter or
colder or stay the
same?
Was this reaction
endothermic,
exothermic or
neither?
Bag #1
Bag #2
Bag #3
Conclusion
Answer the following questions. Please be specific and answer each question completely!
1.) In terms of color change, how were the 3 bags similar? How were they different?
2.) In terms of foam/bubbles/gas being produced, how were the 3 bags similar? How were they different?
3.) In terms of temperature change, how were the 3 bags similar? How were they different?
4.) Did a chemical reaction happen in Bag #1? How can you tell?
5.) Did a chemical reaction happen in Bag #2? How can you tell?
6.) Did a chemical reaction happen in Bag #3? How can you tell?
7.) Without opening the bags, how can you tell if a gas was produced or not?
8.) The reaction in the 3rd bag was:
2NaHCO3
baking soda
+
+
CaCl2 ----------->
calcium chloride
CaCO3 +
calcium carbonate
2NaCl +
H2O +
CO2
A.) Using this chemical equation, summarize what materials we started off with in this reaction and what materials we
ended up producing. For example, “We took baking soda (NaHCO3) and mixed it with calcium chloride. They reacted and
formed calcium carbonate…..” ---> so finish this sentence….
THERE IS MORE ON THE NEXT PAGE – FLIP OVER!
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B.) Using the chemical equation above, what gas was produced in Bag #3?
9.) Which reactions in this lab were exothermic? How do you know that they were exothermic?
10.) Which reactions in this lab were endothermic? How do you know that they were endothermic?
QUESTIONS ON ENERGY GRAPHS FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Adapted from http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Kinetics/PEDiagrams.htm
11.) What is activation energy?
12.)Given the reaction: A + B --> C. Does the diagram show an endothermic or exothermic reaction? Why or why not?
13.) The reaction that forms water is below:
2 H2(g) + O2(g) --> 2 H2O(l) + 571.6 kJ
In this reaction, one of the products is heat, meaning, heat is released in this
reaction.
a.) Is this reaction endothermic or exothermic? Why or why not?
b.) Which graph (to the right) is the correct graph to represent the reaction
that forms water? Why did you pick that graph?
14.) The diagram below represents a chemical reaction. Use this diagram to
answer the following questions.
a.) Is this reaction an endothermic or exothermic reaction? How
do you know?
b.) Which letter represents the activation energy? How do you
know?
c.) Using the letters in the diagram (i.e. A, B, C, or D) what
formula would you use to figure out the difference between the
energy of the reactants and the energy of the reactants?
d.) Using the letters in the diagram (i.e. A, B, C, or D) what
formula would you use to figure out the amount of activation
energy needed to start the reaction?
12
15.) The diagram below represents a chemical reaction. Use the diagram to answer the following questions.
a.) How much is the activation energy for this reaction? How did you
find your answer?
b.) What is the difference in energy between the reactants and the
products? How did you find your answer?
c.) Is this reaction endothermic or exothermic? How do you know?
13
STEP 4: WHAT ARE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS?
Journal: When you text, what are some abbreviations you use? What do these abbreviations mean?
Chemical Equations are….
Formulas
What do these formulas mean? How many atoms are in each compound?
EX:
CaCO3
EX:
10 CO2
TRY THESE OUT:
Formulas
How many molecules
(units) are there?
Elements/# of atoms per element
1. ) N2
2.) BaCO3
3.) CH3COOH
4.) H2SO4
5.) (NO3)2
6.) (OH)3
7.) (SO4)3
8.) Fe2(CO3)3
9.) (NH4)3PO4
10.) 2 H2O
11.) 3 V2O5
12.) 3 B(OH)3
13.) 5 B2(SO4)3
14.) 2 Be(NO2)2
15.) 7 Cu(OH)2
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Structure of an Equation
All chemical reactions follow the same structure.
There are 2 main parts:
1.
2.
The general structure is….
***NOTE:
Dollar Bill Demonstration
2 C3H7OH +
6 O2 ------>
6 CO2
+
How many molecules
(units) are there?
2 H2O
Elements/# of atoms per element
Reactants
Products
15
Homework
1.) What are reactants?
2.) What are products?
3.) The following chemical reaction is photosynthesis, or the process by which plants make food (sugars). Fill out the
table below based on this chemical reaction.
How many molecules
(units) are there?
Elements/# of atoms per element
Reactants
Products
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4.) Fill out the following table based on the chemical formula.
Formulas
How many molecules
(units) are there?
1. ) C2H4O2
2.) Na2O
3.) Fe(NO3)2
4.) Be(NO2)2
5.) Ga2(SO3)3
6.) 2 NaNO3
7.) 4 Li2SO4
8.) 3 Pb(NO3)2
9.) 10 Al2(SO4)3
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Elements/# of atoms per element
STEP 5: CONSERVATION OF MASS
Review- How many molecules and elements do I have?
Formulas
How many molecules
(units) are there?
Elements/# of atoms per element
1. ) Fe2(SO4)3
2.) 3 CH4
3.) 3 H2(SO4)
Discover Activity with the coins
1.) Sort stacks into pennies, nickels, dimes and quarters. Fill out the table below.
coins
amount
Pennies
Nickels
Dimes
Quarters
TOTAL $
2.) Now mix them together and make 3 random stacks of these coins. Fill out the table below.
coins
amount
Pennies
Nickels
Dimes
Quarters
TOTAL $
Quarters
TOTAL $
3.) Mix the coins together again and now stack them into 4 random stacks.
coins
amount
Pennies
Nickels
Dimes
Described what happened in this activity. Did the number of pennies, nickels, dimes and quarters change? Did the total
amount of money change? Why or why not?
Conservation of Mass
What did you notice
happening in this picture and
with this chemical reaction?
The principle of conservation of mass states that in a chemical reaction….
18
Balancing Chemical Equations
Because of the principle of conservation of mass, there must be …..
**THEREFORE, a chemical equation MUST be….
STEPS TO BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS…
1.) Write the equation
2.) Count the atoms
3.) Use the coefficients (numbers in front) to balance the atoms
4.) Look back and check
Practice
1.)
19
2.)
3.)
4.) Methane gas (CH4) reacts with chlorine gas (Cl2) to form chloroform (CHCl3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). Balance this
equation.
5.) Balance the following equation:
___Fe
+
___ H2(SO4)
------->
_____Fe2(SO4)3
20
+
____H2
Homework
For each problem, balance the chemical equation if needed. If the equation is already balanced, you can just write
“equation already balanced.”
***Hint: Substitute (NO3) with X
21
If you want to check your answers or need help on # 7 – check out this video:
http://www.khanacademy.org/video/balancing-chemical-equations?playlist=Chemistry
7.)
_____Al
+
_____O2
------>
_____Al2O3
_____C2H4 +
_____O2
------>
_____CO2 +
_____H2O
_____O2
------>
_____CO2 +
_____H2O
_____O2
------>
_____CO2 +
_____H2O
8.)
9.)
_____C2H4 +
10.)
_____C2H6 +
11.)
_____Fe2O3 +
_____H2SO4
------>
_____Fe2(SO4)3
22
+
_____H2O
STEP 6: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS PART 1
How many seconds are in a year? __________________________
Dimensional analysis is a method that is used to _______________________________________________________
STEPS TO DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
EX #1 : How many seconds are in day?
1.) What are you trying to figure out? What units do you want your answer in?
2.) What do you know? (Write down any conversion factors you know).
3.) Pick a starting factor
4.) Solve – make sure you end with the units you are looking for. Cross off/cancel any units. Multiply across the top and
multiple across the bottom. Then divide.
5.) Ask yourself if your answer makes sense
EX #2 : How many hours are in year?
1.) What are you trying to figure out? What units do you want your answer in?
2.) What do you know? (Write down any conversion factors you know).
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3.) Pick a starting factor
4.) Solve – make sure you end with the units you are looking for. Cross off/cancel any units. Multiply across the top and
multiple across the bottom. Then divide.
5.) Ask yourself if your answer makes sense
Ex #3: If you are going 50 miles per hour, how many feet per second are you traveling?
1.) What are you trying to figure out? What units do you want your answer in?
2.) What do you know? (Write down any conversion factors you know).
3.) Pick a starting factor
4.) Solve – make sure you end with the units you are looking for. Cross off/cancel any units. Multiply across the top and
multiple across the bottom. Then divide.
5.) Ask yourself if your answer makes sense
24
EX #4: How many seconds are in a year?
1.) What are you trying to figure out? What units do you want your answer in?
2.) What do you know? (Write down any conversion factors you know).
3.) Pick a starting factor
4.) Solve – make sure you end with the units you are looking for. Cross off/cancel any units. Multiply across the top and
multiple across the bottom. Then divide.
5.) Ask yourself if your answer makes sense
EX #5 You're throwing a pizza party for 15 and figure each person might eat 4 slices. How much is the pizza going to
cost you? You call up the pizza place and learn that each pizza will cost you $14.78 and will be cut into 12 slices. You
tell them you'll call back. Do you have enough money? Here's how you figure it out, step by step.
25
Homework
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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS PRACTICE DAY 1
1.) How many nickels are in 10 dimes?
2.) How many dimes are in 5 dollars?
3.) How many quarters are in 10 dollars?
4.) How many pennies are in 52 nickels?
5.) How many dimes are in 20 quarters?
27
Conversions Factors
1 hr = 60 min
7 days = 1 week
For the following problems, use the conversion factors.
6.) How many miles will a person run during a 10 kilometer race?
24 hrs = 1 day
264.2 gal = 1 cubic meter
1 mi = 5,280 ft
20 drops = 1 mL
365 days = 1 year
1 L = 1000 mL
0.625 mi = 1.00 km 1 L = 1000 cc
7.) The moon is 250,000 miles away. How many feet is it from the earth?
8.) A family pool holds 10,000 gallons of water. How many cubic meters is this?
9.) The average HTHCV student is in class 330 minutes per day. How many hour per day is this? How many seconds is
this?
10.) Pepsi puts 355 ml of pop in a can. How many drops is this? How many cubic meters is this?
11.) Change 60 miles/ hour to _____ft/sec (clue: both miles and hour must be change to other units)
12.) How many seconds are in a year?
28
STEP 7: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS PART 2
Class Practice
1.) Jason Biehl raised 60 goats, and then entered into a series of business transactions. He traded all the goats for sheep
at an exchange rate of 5 goats for 7 sheep. Next, he exchanged all the sheep for hogs at a rate of 4 sheep for 2 hogs
weighing 250 lbs. each. He sold all the hogs at a market price of $55.00 per 100.0 lbs. How much money did he make
from the 60 goats?
2.) How many miles could you drive for $7.90 if the gas mileage of your car is 14 km/liter of gas and the price is
$1.29/gal? (1.61 km/mile, 4 qt/gal, 1.1 qt/L)
1. Convert the following.
1 km = 1000 m
1 m = 10 dm
1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 1000 mm
1 m = 106 m
1 m = 109 nm
(for meters, grams, and
Liters)
a. 0.044 km to meters
b. 0.107 g to centigrams
c. 15 cm3 to liters
d. 7.38 g to kilograms
e. 6.7 seconds to milliseconds
29
2. Convert 112 nm to km.
3. What is 10 Kg/mL in units of g/L?
4. How many minutes are there in exactly one week?
5. How many seconds are in exactly a 40-hr work week?
6. Convert 8 hours to seconds.
7. An experiment requires that each student use an 8.5 cm length of magnesium ribbon. How many students can do the
experiment if there is a 570cm length of magnesium ribbon available?
8. A 1.00 degree increase on the Celcius scale is equivalent to a 1.80 degree increase on the Fahrenheit scale. If a
temperature increases by 48.0 °C, what is the corresponding temperature increase on the Fahrenheit scale?
9. A chicken needs to be cooked 20 minutes for each pound it weighs. How long should the chicken be cooked if it
weighs 4.5 pounds?
10. You have a cube with a density of 4.00 g/mL. How much volume would that cube occupy, if it has a mass of 25 g?
11. The speed of light is 3.0 x 108 m/s. How far could light travel in 6 minutes?
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STEP 8: MOLES & PARTICLES
Review: Balance the following equation and write in a complete sentence what this chemical equation is saying.
_____ CuO +
____C
-----> ____ Cu
+
____CO2
Description of what this chemical equation is saying:
(HINT: CuO = copper oxide)
*Unfortunately, this interpretation contains such small quantities of material, so small that you wouldn’t be able to
see the reaction. Scientists came up with a new counting unit called the MOLE
1 MOLE (mol) =
particles
(
)
Converting From Moles to Particles
EX: How many gummy bears are 2 mols of gummi bears?
EX: How many M&Ms are 5 mols of M&Ms?
EX: How many molecules is 2.12 moles of C3H8 (propane)?
Converting From Particles to Moles
EX: There are approximately 2.43 x 1046 molecules of water in the Pacific Ocean. How many moles of water is this?
EX: The average American drinks 6,000 sodas a year. How many moles of soda is this?
EX: How many moles of magnesium is 3.01 x 1022 atoms of magnesium?
31
Homework
Converting Particles to Moles and Moles to Particles
Mole-Particle Conversions
1. How many moles of magnesium is 3.01 x 1022 atoms of magnesium?
2. How many molecules are there in 4.00 moles of glucose, C6H12O6?
3. How many moles are 1.20 x 1025 atoms of phosphorous?
4. How many atoms are in 0.750 moles of zinc?
5. How many molecules are in 0.400 moles of N2O5?
32
33
STEP 9: MOLES & GRAMS
Review:
1.) How many molecules are there in 4.0 moles of H2O2?
2.) Change 7.14 x 1023 molecules to moles
**In a lab, it is too difficult to count out 6.02 x 1023 particles of a substance every time you want to measure out a
mole. Instead, you can quickly figure out a mole of a substance by finding its molar mass (or how much 1 mole of a
substance weighs).
1 MOLE (mol) =
Molar Mass =
Finding the Molar Mass of Elements & Compounds
1.) C
2.) Cu
3.) CO2
4.) Cu2CO3(OH)2
Converting Moles to Grams
1.) How many grams are 2 moles of oxygen?
2.) How many grams are 3.5 moles of water?
34
3.) How many grams is 2.4 moles of vinegar (CH3COOH)?
4.) How many grams is 0.6 moles of salt (NaCl)?
Converting Grams to Moles
1.) How many moles are in 28 grams of CO2?
2.) Find the number of moles of argon in 452 g of argon.
3.) Find the grams in 1.26 x 10-4 mol of HC2H3O2.
35
HOMEWORK
Molar Mass
Do the following practice problems below.
36
37
STEP 10: MOLES & LITERS (FOR GASES ONLY!!)
Review:
1.) How many moles is 23 grams of H2O?
2.) How many grams is 2.5 moles of glucose (C6H12O6)?
Mole-Volume Relationship
Avogadro’s hypothesis:
Reason for this is….
1 MOLE (mol) =
liters =
particles
What this means is….
***NOTE: This conversion only applies to gases at standard temperature and pressure
(STP) which is…
Moles to Volume Conversion
1.) Determine the volume, in liters, of 0.60 mol of SO2 gas at STP.
2.) What is the volume of 3.20 x 10-3 moles of CO2 at STP.
38
3.) At STP, what volume does 0.355 moles of C2H6 occupy or take up?
Volume to Moles Conversion
1.) How many moles does 44.8 L of Hydrogen gas at STP represent?
2.) A sample of oxygen gas occupies 6.2 L at STP. How many moles does that represent?
3.) How many moles of neon would occupy 450 mL at STP? (1000 mL = 1 L)
39
Homework
Moles to Volume
Complete the following problems below:
40
Mole-Volume Conversions
1. Determine the volume, in liters, occupied by 0.030 moles of a gas at STP.
2. How many moles of argon atoms are present in 11.2 L of argon gas at STP?
3. What is the volume of 0.05 mol of neon gas at STP?
4. What is the volume of 1.2 moles of water vapor at STP?
41
STEP 11: MIXED MOLE PROBLEMS & MOLE ROAD MAP
Mixed Mole Problems
Given unit  Moles  Desired unit
1. How many oxygen molecules are in 3.36 L of oxygen gas at STP?
2. Find the mass in grams of 2.00 x 1023 molecules of F2. 12.624 g
3. Determine the volume in liters occupied by 14 g of nitrogen gas at STP.
4. Find the mass, in grams, of 1.00 x 1023 molecules of N2.
42
5. How many particles are there in 1.43 g of a molecular compound with a gram
molecular mass of 233 g?
4. Aspartame is an artificial sweetener that is 160 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar) when dissolved in water. It
is marketed by G.D. Searle as Nutra Sweet. The molecular formula of aspartame is C14H18N2O5 .
a) Calculate the gram-formula-mass (molar mass) of aspartame.
b) How many moles of molecules are in 10 g of aspartame?
c) What is the mass in grams of 1.56 moles of aspartame?
d) How many molecules are in 5 mg of aspartame?
e) How many atoms of nitrogen are in 1.2 grams of aspartame?
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STEP 12: STOICHIOMETRY PART 1
Chemical equations and molar masses are useful to know when trying to figure out the amount of materials you need to
produce something. We will use stoichiometry, which is the study of the relationship between materials in a chemical
equation, to help us figure out the amounts of materials we need or the amount we will receive in a chemical reaction.
For example, below is a chemical reaction or recipe that I use to make sandwiches
2 breads
+
1 cheese
+
1 tomato
+
3 pickles
USE DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS
1.) If I want to make 1 sandwich, how many pickles do I need? _________________
Conversion unit:
Solve:
2.) If I want to make 3 sandwiches, how many pieces of bread do I need? ____________
Conversion unit:
Solve:
3.) If I have 3 tomatoes, how many sandwiches can I make? ____________
Conversion unit:
Solve:
4.) If I have 9 pieces of bread, how many sandwiches can I make? ____________
Conversion unit:
Solve:
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---> 1 sandwich
Example #1: Now, try with a real chemical reaction.
EX: Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to give us water.
____H2(g) +
____O2(g) ------>
____H2O(l)
1.) First, ALWAYS make sure the equation is balanced. If it isn’t, please balance it. (Otherwise, the rest of your answers
will be incorrect.
2.) In this reaction, if I have 1 molecule of O2, how many molecules of H2 do I have? _________
How many molecules of water (H2O) do I have? _____________
3.) In this reaction, if I have 2 moles of H2, how many moles of O2 do I have? __________
How many moles of water (H2O) do I have? __________
4.) If I want to make 6 moles of H2O, how many moles of H2 do I need? __________
How many moles of O2 do I need? ____________
5.) Oftentimes in a lab setting, you will have to convert from moles to grams because the only way to measure out
moles is to weigh them with a balance. Using the chemical equation or recipe, I want you to convert the moles into
grams.
H2:
O2:
H2O:
6.) If I want to form 200 grams of H2O, how many moles of H2 do I need? How many grams of H2 is that?
7.) If I want to form 200 grams of H2O, how many moles of O2 do I need? How many grams of O2 is that?
45
Example #2
The chemical reaction for producing pure copper (refining copper) is below. CuO = copper oxide
2 CuO (s)
___moles
+
C(s)
----->
___moles
2 Cu(s)
+
___moles
CO2(g)
___moles
1.) Is this reaction balanced? How do you know?
2.) Write down the amount of moles you see for each reactant and product under the equation.
3.) A refiner needs to convert 955.0 g of CuO to pure Cu. What mass of C is needed for this reaction?
***Remember, you need to convert to moles in order to use the chemical equation or the recipe!
HOMEWORK Complete the problems below on a SEPARATE piece of paper!
46
STEP 13: STOICHIOMETRY PART 2
1.) Balance the chemical equation 2.) convert to moles to use the recipe 3.) convert back to the units
that you need
1. Given the unbalanced decomposition reaction of baking soda:
NaHCO3 (s)
+
heat ===>
Na2CO3 (s)
+
CO2 (g)
+
H2O (g)
NaHCO3 = baking soda/sodium bicarbonate
Na2CO3 = sodium carbonate
How many grams of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are produced by the decomposition of 42.0 grams of baking soda?
What volumes of carbon dioxide and water are produced at STP?
2. The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is:
H2O2 (aq) ===>
H2O (l)
+
O2 (g)
Balance the reaction. How many moles of water and oxygen are produced by the decomposition of 68.0 grams of
hydrogen peroxide? How many molecules (particles) of water are produced? How many grams of oxygen are
formed?
3. If 156.0 grams of potassium metal reacts with water, then how many grams of potassium hydroxide are formed?
What volume of hydrogen gas, in liters, is formed at STP ? Be sure to balance the reaction first.
K(s)
+
H2O(l)

KOH(aq)
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+
H2(g)
4. Determine the number of moles of carbon dioxide gas, water, and sodium chloride formed by the reaction of 42.0
grams of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda/NaHCO3) reacting with excess hydrochloric acid. The reaction is:
NaHCO3 (s)
+ HCl (aq) ===>
CO2 (g)
+
H2O (l)
+
NaCl (aq)
5. The unbalanced decomposition reaction of butane gas in excess oxygen produces carbon dioxide gas and water
vapor: C4H10 (l) + O2 (g) ===> CO2 (g) + H2O (l). Starting with 11.6 grams of butane, how many grams of
carbon dioxide gas are formed at STP? What is the volume of the water vapor product?
6. The burning of solid sulfur in air produces sulfur dioxide gas.
S + O2  SO2
Balance the reaction. How many moles and molecules (particles) of sulfur dioxide does the burning of 3 moles of
sulfur form? Calculate the volume of sulfur dioxide produced at STP.
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7. The Haber reaction produces ammonia, an important nitrogenous compound needed to make plant fertilizers. The
unbalanced reaction is: N2 (g) + H2 (g) ===> NH3 (g) + heat. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic ? If
170.0 grams of ammonia (NH3) are produced, then how many grams of nitrogen gas are needed? How many
molecules of hydrogen gas are needed?
8. The unbalanced single displacement reaction between sodium metal and water is quite violent:
Na (s)
+
H2O (l) ===>
NaOH (aq)
+
H2 (g)
+ heat + light
If 44.8 liters of hydrogen gas are formed at STP, then how many grams of sodium and water are needed?
9. Given the reaction: H2 (g) + O2 (g) ===> H2O (g). How many moles of oxygen gas are needed to produce 11.2
liters of water vapor at STP ? How many molecules of hydrogen gas are needed?
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10. The unbalanced synthesis reaction between aluminum metal and oxygen is:
Al (s) + O2 (g) ===> Al2O3 (s).
If 6.02 X 10 25 molecules of aluminum oxide are produced, then how many grams of aluminum metal and oxygen
gas are needed?
11. The decomposition of mercury (II) oxide to produce liquid mercury and gaseous oxygen is shown in this unbalanced
reaction:
HgO (s)
+
heat ===>
Hg (l)
+
O2 (g)
How many grams of mercury (II) oxide are needed to produce 100.3 grams of liquid mercury ? What volume of
oxygen gas is formed at STP?
12. The unbalanced synthesis reaction of hydrogen gas with chlorine gas produces hydrogen chloride gas:
H2 (g)
+
Cl2 (g) ===>
HCl (g)
How many grams of hydrogen gas are needed to produce 146.4 grams of hydrogen chloride gas? What volume of
chlorine gas, at STP, is needed?
50
Name:
Date:
Period:
Stoichiometry is the relation between the quantities of that take part in a reaction. In other words, we can use
stoichiomety to figure out how much of a product we will produce knowing the amount of reactants we start with.
You will be conducting a lab in which you mix sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3, (baking soda) and acetic acid,
CH3COOH, (vinegar) together and then you will observe the results. You will also predict the amount of carbon dioxide,
water and sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) produced and will calculate the percent yield based on the amount that you
actually recover.
Please make sure you take good notes and observations because you will be writing a formal lab report on this lab. The
following is the chemical reaction that will take place:
NaHCO3 (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) ---->
Baking soda + vinegar
CO2 (g)
+ H2O (l) + NaCH3COO (aq)
----> carbon dioxide + water + sodium acetate
PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1.) What are the reactants?
2.) What are the products?
3.) Is the chemical equation balanced or not? Show your work. If it is not balanced, please balance it!
4.) What do you think the purpose of completing this lab is? Write your answers in complete sentences.
PERCENT YIELD QUESTIONS
5.) If we mixed 25 grams of sodium bromide (NaBr) with a large amount of potassium chloride (KCl), what will our
theoretical yield of sodium chloride (NaCl) be (meaning – how many grams of sodium chloride are we supposed to get
from this reaction?)
The reaction is:
NaBr
+
KCl
------> NaCl
+
KBr
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6.) If our actual yield was 13 grams of sodium chloride, what would our percent yield for this reaction be?
Formula for percent yield is:
Example: I expected to get 30 grams; I ended up getting 25 grams.
7.) Is the answer in #6 reasonable? If so, explain why you think this was a reasonable answer.
8.) What are some factors that might cause the percent yield to be lower than 100%? Make sure you discuss specific
examples of how this might happen.
Introduction
In this lab, you will need to do a reaction where baking soda will react with an excess of vinegar. By doing this, you will
(hopefully!) ensure that you will get 100% actual yield for the reaction.
For our reaction, we will need to use 0.05 moles of baking soda, which we will call by its chemical name, sodium
hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) for the rest of this lab. If we use much more than 0.05 moles of baking soda, the reaction
will be too large and we will rest having some of the reaction products pour over the side of the flask when we mix it
with the vinegar (which we call acetic acid – CH3COOH).
In the space below, use dimensional analysis to calculate the amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate we will need for
this lab:
FOR THIS LAB, WE WILL USE ______________GRAMS OF SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
52
Using stoichiometry, how many moles and grams of sodium acetate do we expect to get? Show your calculations below.
Using stoichiometry, how many moles and liters of CO2 do we expect to get? Show your calculations below.
Materials








_____grams of baking soda (how much did you calculate you would need in the introduction?)
150 mL of vinegar
1 cup
A 500 mL flask
Stirring rod
30 ml of water
Hot plate
Graduated cylinder
Methods
In this section, you will now carry out the reaction that was discussed at the beginning of this lab.
1.) Observe 3 physical properties of vinegar and baking soda. Write down your observations in the Data & Observation
section of this lab.
2.) In a cup, measure out the weight of sodium hydrogen carbonate that you calculated you would need in the
introduction section of this lab. Don’t forget to tare (zero) the weight of the cup. Make sure the amount that you use is
as close as possible to the amount that you calculated. Write the exact amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate that you
used here:
Amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate that you actually used: _____________________grams
3.) Add 30 mL of water to the cup containing the sodium hydrogen carbonate. Stir the solution until most or all of it is
dissolved (if a little won’t dissolve, that’s okay).
4.) Weigh a 500 mL flask. You will need the weight of an empty flask at the end of the lab.
Weight of empty 500 mL flask: __________________ grams
5.) Add the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution to the empty 500 mL flask.
6.) In a graduated cylinder, measure out 150 mL of acetic acid (aka vinegar) and slowly add it to the sodium hydrogen
carbonate solution. You will observe the formation of bubbles when the acetic acid is added to the sodium hydrogen
53
carbonate solution. Wait until the bubbling subsides before adding more acetic acid. When all the acetic acid has been
added, stir for two minutes before moving on to step 6.
7.) When the solution is calm again (there may be a few bubbles rising from the bottom of the flask – this is normal),
move the flask to a hot plate and heat it to boiling. Be careful that the flask does not boil over because this will cause
errors in your calculations. Put the flask in the hood.
8.) When all of the liquid in the solution has boiled away, remove the flask from the hot plate. The power that you
observe inside is the product of the reaction, sodium acetate. Once the flask has had a few minutes to cool down to
room temperature, measure and record its weight.
Weight of the flask, after the reaction: _______________
9.) When done, rinse out the flask and any other glassware you used. All waste can go down the sink.
Data and Observations
Before the chemical reaction
1. The chemical equation of the reaction between baking soda and vinegar is
NaHCO3 (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) ---->
CO2 (g)
+ H2O (l) + CH3COONa (aq)
Show your calculations for how you found out how many grams of baking soda to use in this lab.
Show your calculations for how you found out how many grams of sodium acetate to expect in this lab.
Show your calculations for how you found out how many liters of CO2 to expect from this lab.
2. Write down 3 physical properties of baking soda.
3. Write down 3 physical properties of vinegar.
54
4. What was the mass of the empty 500 mL flask? _________________
After the Chemical Reaction
5. Write down 3 observations about the chemical reaction after you mixed the baking soda and vinegar.
6. What was the weight of the 500-mL flask after the reaction? ______________
7. How many grams of sodium acetate were produced? Show your calculations for how you got your answer.
8. Using the weight of sodium acetate that you got and the weight of sodium acetate that you were supposed to get,
calculate the percent yield for this experiment. Show your calculations below.
Results and Discussion
1. Why do scientists use stoichiometry? How did it help us in this lab? What did we figure out from using it?
2. Did a chemical reaction take place? How do you know? What evidence tells you whether a chemical reaction
happened or not?
3. Was your percent yield for sodium acetate 100%? Why or why not?
4. Do you think it is common for scientists to get a 100% percent yields for chemical reactions? Why or why not?
55
5. If you had to do this lab again, what would you do differently? Explain using specific examples.
6. You measured how many grams you actually got for sodium acetate at the end of the chemical reaction. Using your
knowledge of moles and particles, figure out how many molecules (particles) of sodium acetate you actually ended up
with. Show your calculations below.
56
Name:
Date:
Period:
An essential part of conducting experiments in chemistry is reporting your results and findings in a formal lab report.
You will be writing a lab report to convey everything you did and learned from the chemical reaction of baking soda and
vinegar.
Use the following outline:
Title Page
You must have a title page that includes…
o
o
o
o
The title of the experiment (please do NOT call it stoichiometry lab report, be more specific about what
chemical reaction/experiment we conducted). Please refer to the “title” section below.
Your name and the names of any lab partners.
Your instructor's name.
The date the report is due.
Introduction
Things to include in your introduction:





What chemical reaction did we perform in this lab? What are the reactants and products?
What was the purpose of doing this lab? What is the purpose of stoichiometry?
Summarize how we did the baking soda and vinegar lab.
Summarize how you found out how much baking soda to start off with.
Summarize how you found out how much sodium acetate you are expected to get.
Materials
List everything needed to complete your experiment. Be as specific as possible.
Ex: 20 grams of baking soda (not just baking soda)
Methods
Describe the steps you completed during your investigation. This is your procedure. Be sufficiently detailed that anyone
could read this section and duplicate your experiment. Write it as if you were giving direction for someone else to do the
lab. Write your method in paragraph form. You may use the instructions I gave you, but do NOT copy it word for word.
You also need to write your methods section in third person (so do NOT use words like “I,” “me,” or “you.”
Data & Observation
Numerical data obtained from your procedure usually is presented as a table. Data encompasses what you recorded
when you conducted the experiment. It's just the facts, not any interpretation of what they mean. You also will include
any calculations that you may have done.

Type up all the questions in the data and observations section
Results & Discussion
Describe in words what the data means.

Type up all the questions in the results and discussion section
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