Download Classical Civilizations and the Development of World Religions

Classical Civilizations and
the Development of World
Religions
The Core of Life
Migration of Early Humans
What are Human Needs?
Need
Being (qualities)
Having (things)
Doing (actions)
Interacting (settings)
Subsistence
physical and mental
health
food, shelter, work
feed, clothe, rest, work
living environment, social
setting
Protection
care, adaptability,
autonomy
social security, health
systems, work
co-operate, plan, take social environment,
dwelling
care of, help
Affection
respect, sense of
humour, generosity,
sensuality
share, take care of,
friendships, family,
make love, express
relationships with nature
emotions
Understanding
critical capacity,
curiosity, intuition
literature, teachers,
policies, educational
schools, families, universities,
analyse, study,
meditate, investigate, communities,
Participation
receptiveness,
dedication, sense of
humour
responsibilities, duties,
work, rights
cooperate, dissent,
express opinions
Leisure
imagination, tranquility, games, parties, peace
spontaneity
of mind
day-dream,
landscapes, intimate
remember, relax, have
spaces, places to be alone
fun
Creation
imagination, boldness,
inventiveness, curiosity
invent, build, design,
work, compose,
interpret
spaces for expression,
workshops, audiences
get to know oneself,
grow, commit oneself
places one belongs to,
everyday settings
dissent, choose, run
risks, develop
awareness
anywhere
Identity
Freedom
abilities, skills, work,
techniques
language, religions,
sense of belonging, selfwork, customs, values,
esteem, consistency
norms
autonomy, passion, selfesteem, openequal rights
mindedness
privacy, intimate spaces of
togetherness
associations, parties,
churches, neighbourhoods
Artur Manfred Max Neef
The Development of Humanity
1. Hunter-Gatherers
2. Subsistence Farming
3. Surplus Farming
4. Mining
5. Manufacturing
6. International Trade
Ancient Civilizations of the Old World
Invention of Writing
 Mesopotamia (specifically, ancient Sumer) around 3200 BC and
Mesoamerica around 600 BC
Impact of Writing
 Law
 Commerce
 Education
 Literature
 Plays
 History
 Music
 Philosophy
 Warfare
 Diplomacy
 Religion
Ancient Greece
Ancient Athens
 Soil was not conducive to surplus farming
 Athens turned to sea trade
 The trireme allowed Athens to dominate in the
Mediterranean during the 7th to 4th centuries BC
 In 483 BCE, the discovery of silver in the vicinity of Athens
prompted large scale mining
Sparta
 Sparta was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece
 Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military landpower in ancient Greece
 Sparta was unique for its social system and constitution,
which completely focused on military training. Spartan
women enjoyed considerably more rights and equality to
men than elsewhere in the classical world
 Between 431 and 404 BC, Sparta was the principal enemy of
Athens during the Peloponnesian War, from which it emerged
victorious
 Sparta's defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC
ended Sparta's prominent role in Greece
Ancient Greek Art & Architecture
Athen’s Golden Age
 Herodotus, the `father of history‘
 Socrates, the `father of philosophy‘
 Hippocrates, `the father of medicine'
 The sculptor Phidias created his great works for the Parthenon on the Acropolis and the
Temple of Zeus at Olympia
 Democritus envisioned an atomic universe
 Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes, and Sophocles wrote their famous plays
 Plato found his Academy outside the walls of Athens in 385 BCE and Aristotle's Lyceum was
later founded in the city center.
Ancient Greek Contributions
 Democracy
 Olympics
 Mythology
 Dramatic Structure
 Fashion
 Philosophy
 Water Mill
 Odometer
 Alarm Clock
 Geometry
 Medicine
Roman Empire
Ancient Rome
 Ancient Rome began in the 8th century BC and
expanded to become one of the largest empires in the
ancient world with 20% of the world's population and
covering 6.5 million square kilometers
 In its12 centuries of existence, Roman civilization shifted
from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an
increasingly autocratic empire
 Corpus Juris Civilis, market economy, monetary system,
and a professional army developed
 The legion (totaling between 4,000 and 5,000 men) gave
it its edge
Ancient Roman Art & Architecture
Ancient Roman Contributions
 Roman Alphabet
 Concrete
 Roads
 Aqueducts & Viaducts
 Thermal baths, central heating and floor heating
 Corpus Juris Civilis
 Latin Language
 Wine-making
 stadiums & amphitheaters
Spiritual Questions Human Beings Have
 Who am I?
 Why am I here?
 What is there after life?
 Am I alone?
 Am I good or bad?
 Why is life so difficult?
 What do I deserve in relation to others?
World Religions
Hinduism
 a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions,
which emerged between 500-200 BC and c. 300 AD
 The four Puruṣārthas, the proper goals or aims of human life:
 Dharma (ethics/duties),
 Artha (prosperity/work),
 Kama (emotions/sexuality)
 Moksha (liberation/freedom)
 Hindu practices include rituals such as puja (worship) and
recitations, meditation, family-oriented rites of passage, annual
festivals, and occasional pilgrimages. Some Hindus leave their
social world and material possessions, then engage in lifelong
Sannyasa (ascetic practices) to achieve moksha
 Hindu texts are classified into Shruti ("heard") and Smriti
("remembered")
The Spread of Hinduism
Judaism
 Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion,
with the Torah as its foundational text
 Abraham is hailed as the father of the Jewish
people. As a reward for his act of faith in one
God, he was promised that his son would
inherit the Land of Israel.
 The descendants of Abraham were
enslaved in Egypt, and God commanded
Moses to lead the Exodus from Egypt.
 At Mount Sinai, Moses received the Torah.
Eventually, God led the Jews to the land of
Israel.
 Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be
the expression of the covenantal relationship
that God established with the Children of
Israel.
The Spread of Judaism
Buddhism
 A nontheistic religion or philosophy that
encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs
and spiritual practices largely based on
teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha.
 Lord Buddha lived and taught in the eastern
part of the Indian subcontinent sometime
between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.
 He was an awakened or enlightened teacher
who shared his insights to help sentient beings
end their suffering through the elimination of
ignorance and craving.
 Buddhists believe that this is accomplished
through the direct understanding and
perception of dependent origination and the
Four Noble Truths.
The Spread of Buddhism
Christianity
 An Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the
life and teachings of Jesus Christ as presented in the
New Testament.
 Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and
the savior of humanity whose coming as Christ or
the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament.
 Christian theology is expressed in professions of faith
that state Jesus suffered, died, was buried, and was
resurrected from the dead, in order to grant eternal
life to those who believe in him and trust in him for
the remission of their sins.
 Christians believe that Jesus bodily ascended into
heaven, where he reigns with God the Father, and
that he will return to judge the living and dead and
grant eternal life to his followers.
The Spread of Christianity
Islam
 a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based upon the
Qur'an (a religious text considered by its adherents to be
the verbatim word of God) and by the teachings and
example of Muhammad (c. 570–8 June 632 AD),
considered by Muslims to be the last prophet of God.
 Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and
that the purpose of existence is to worship God.
 Muslims also believe that Islam is the complete and
universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed
many times before through prophets including Adam,
Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.
 Muslims consider the Qur'an to be both the unaltered
and the final revelation of God.
 Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars
of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, and
following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every
aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to
family life and the environment.
The Spread of Islam