Download motion, 350 Anaximander, 69 Absolute centigrade

Index
Absolute centigrade temperature
scale. see Kelvin absolute
temperature
Absolute temperature, 385, 387,
458
and kinetic energy, 458, 466
Absolute truth, 98
Absolute zero, 387, 425
and specific heat, 476
Abstractions and experience, 307
(ftn )
Academy of Sciences
, French, 369,
174
Acceleration. due to the earth's
rotation
and
,
force
,
free
fall
in
one
dimension
,
vector
162
-
,
of
,
Action
,
,
165
,
,
252
John
,
- 264
,
265
,
- 253
,
of
of
205
,
221
.
,
Agricola
Air
106
:
Alexandria
Library
entropy
,
,
.
205 ,
,
322
' s theory
65
,
66
,
225 ,
299 ,
spheres , 74 ,
of motion , 159 -
, origin
of , 8- 9
Balance
, equal
,
73
Barometer
. 321
of
science
,
convection
resistance
,
simple
motion, 350
Anaximander, 69
Bernoulli
Atoms
18
harmonic
,
- 204
, 240
- 322
Cardinal
Daniel
,
441
formula
,
, 156
452
( ftn
) ,
, 458
, Friedrich
W
Binding
energy
, 447
systems
Black
,
Joseph
Boiler
. , 121
- 448
, 433
,
356
pressure
- 434
- 357
,
380
,
404
,
408
,
Boyle
's
and
theory , early
of ,
weights ,
Boys
scale ,
of , 148
, 313
, 323
) ,
,
99 ,
323
,
381
,
423
,
. 445
theorem
of
, Tycho
, 469
, 459
, see
. Giovanni
Tycho
Brahe
. 400
, P . W . , 290
Brightness
of
intrinsic
stars
, apparent
, 132
- 133
, 123
- 124
, 129
British
thermal
unit
, 364
Brown
, Robert
, 467
Brownian
Bruno
( ftn
, C . V . , 275
Branca
124
first Greek concePtion
of . 439
Authority
vs . observation , 151 152
law
Bridgman
chemical
scale , 464
, evolution
, 299
equipartition
Brahe
assumptions
, 262
, 406
explanation
history
)
, 443
443
into , 370 ( ftn )
Alfonso
, Robert
441
( ftn
, 149
, Matthew
Boyle
,
, 469
, Giovanni
of , 161
407
. 448
, Hermann
Borelli
,
, 450
. chemical
Boulton
heat , 472 , 475
402
- 427
, Ludwig
Bondi
currents
,
, 426
temperature
of , 321 - 322 , 324 - 325
physical
73
astronomical
294
, 217
Bessel
463 - 464
,
,
- 468
463
5 ,
, 202
, Robert
,
Bond
, 107 , 113 , 119
. 25 . 83 . 104 . 106 . 159
Atomic
79
,
, 204
, Isaac
Boiling
in , 441 - 443
87
,
,
- arm
, 202
Boltzmann
kinetic -molecular
73
, 467
453
Francis
411
438 - 440
73
,
458
, 26
Atomic
,
law
Sir
Bernoulli
in , 368 , 372 , 397
density
of . 322 - 323
Atomic
296
, 453
, 465
441
re -entry
400
- 323
,
- 249
441
Biological
' s concentric
pressure
146
439
,
of
159 ,
- 465
, 231
- 469
Bellarmine
, 10 ,
physics , 159 - 161 , 356
frictional
264
school
,
of , 179
Samos
, 3 , 32 , 67 , 72 - 75 , 88 - 89 ,
Asteroids
Astrology
73
of
26
Amplitude
,
,
Great
Alexandrian
Altitude
,
,
of
Museum
unit
us of
,
, 364
spring
of planets , 279
the
,
of Syracuse , 4 , 73 ,
166 , 204 , 207 ( ftn ) ,
, scale
starch
of
, 18
Barrow
Atmosphere
,
of
,
Archimedes
159 ,
Arstillus
cycle
constant
Georgius
Alexander
Bacon
Arithmetic
of
263
density
Alchemy
Btu
Aristotle
-
417
universe
,
,
468
stars ,
160
Carnot
lumeniferous
the
the
's
89
280
on
of
space
Age
number
Aquinas , see St. Thomas Aquinas
Aristotle
41 . 1 - 41 . 2
,
Avogadro
Avogadro
of
of
, 247
, Amedeo
Azimuth
106 ,
481
change
,
diagram
Aether
motions
of
Avogadro
Approximations
in scientific
theory , 280 - 281
282
417
lines
lines
star ,
304 , 438
263
reversible
state
a
1 () - 1 ~
353
,
Couch
Adiabatic
as
Apparent
Aristotle
,
,
reaction
,
of
123 - 124 . 132 - 133
Aristotelean
239
distance
Adiabatic
brightness
Area
,
- 283
latitude
of
and
222
. 73 . 84
372
165
282
on
value
a
,
,
of
at
Apparent
177
motion
true
measurement
Adams
-
gravity
of
standard
skidding
Perga
efficiency
of , 249
73 , 75 , 79 - 82 , 89 , 118
and
dependence
, 108
of
,
, braking
overturn
Apollonius
- 233
apparent
Automobiles
, 14
Aphelion
Ari
Acceleration
Action
176
circular
232
, 25 , 86
Antimeridian
Archimedes ' principle , 204, 312,
163
- 245
,
Animism
engine
1R1
galaxy , 136 , 141
312
uniform
244
Automobile
, 69 , 438
Andromeda
221
in
in
282
Anaximenes
motion
, Giordano
, 132
, 466
- 468
, 103
, 299
,
123
- 134
-
492
INDEX
Buridan
, Jean
Butter
field
Colloidal particles, 466
Color-components. 125
, 160
, Herbert
,
160
, 287
Columbus
CGS
system
Calculus
, 241
,
- 243
differential
176
, 482
integral
, 25 - 26
Calibration
, 203
theory
, Lazare
Carnot
,
.
420
Carnot
( ftn
thermodynamic
efficiency
as
engine
,
413
-
, 421
, 425
,
of ,
Coordinates
longitude
sphere
, 44 , 91
193
,
359
final
- 423
204
,
257
stars
, T . W
of
210
- 259
adiabatic
- 211
,
95
frame
, 416
, Jacques
Charles
,
278
-
156
382
.
Chemical
compounds
Chemical
energy
Chemical
equilibrium
Little
, 430
reactions
systems
V .
() )
law
II
, 442
, early
Circle
of
Circles
- 376
Crystal
, 433
Crystalline
, 356
, 376
Classical
, 439
,
\ Jsius
25
( ftn
) ,
61 ,
,
Rudolf
, 441
,
- 96
,
-
113
,
,
89
of
,
,
75
92
154
,
,
82
90
,
-
281
90
102
-
Ca
103
Duke
,
? -
156
of
Tuscany
,
" Big
Bang
,"
147
,
149
,
434
,
74
Earth , age of , 66 , 147
axis of , 13
Universe
( ftn
,
449
448
16
,
electric
,
composition
of the core of , 276
equatorial
bulge of , 285
as a frame of reference . 75 - 2 ~ 1
)
,
443
,
112
155
,
Current
90
Orbium
207
,
,
,
,
spheres
,
449
37
,
,
41
376
convection
,
368
,
372
,
197
, 87
Curvature
Cycle
of
,
of
,
see
space
the
,
147
Carnot
engine
,
417
-
Newtonian
of
the
Watt
engine
,
407
,
409
-
410
,
420
, 452
,
421
( ftn
,
428
,
Cycles
,
in
the
)
,
growth
of
science
295
. 50 - 54
sidereal
, 43
Clouds
, formation
Cohen
, I . Bernard
of , 372
Cohesion
, forces
Collisions
, 254
elastic
and
( ftn
of , 281
inelastic
, 454
- wall
, 456
,
Dalton
's
, 314
, 446
Dampier
Dante
, 256
, 257
- 455
, 458
-:;457
Robert
Divi
Dark
of
,
Jle
Greece
441
- 443
partial
pressures
,
- 454
William
Cecil
Alighieri
Ages
in
,
law
453
)
- 259
intermolecular
molecule
, 273
Dalton
,
Co
,
75
Jlledy
in
,
Europe
65
,
,
,
299
89
,
86
73
( ftn
)
geographic
coordinates
of , 33 40 , 285
mass of , 275 , 480
and moon as a system , 278 - 279
orbital
motion
of , 82 , 95 , 109 110 . 279
perturbation
in orbit
moon . 279
419
, 16 , 21 , 37 - 38 , 41
, 430
Clocks
,
102
103
lattices
mechanics
Cla
-
,
Crystals
, 350
mechanics
397
372
470
82
103
Grand
Culmination
Christian
reference
, diurnal
-
- state
, 40 , 51
Church
,
,
- 95
,
,
also
Couple
, 430
,
372
154
theory
Currents
Chronometer
102
146
of ,
see
, 439
,
-
91
Cosmological
,
,
-
Nicolaus
,
- Lussac
Gordon
,
- 369
167
Revolutionibus
Cosmo
, 375
Chemical
,
- 40
Commentary
De
, 448
Chemical
,
)
,
steady
bond
Childe
90
- 383
Chemical
44
,
33
153
101
,
, 417
Gay
367
reference
,
simplified
,
, 382
and
,
368
,
,
,
lestium
adiabatic
253
- 96
of
. 417
reversible
,
273
102
of
- 132
( ftn
, 379
isothermal
Charles
, 131
. , 452
state
,
of
.
merits
,
- 25
,
,
-
151
,
, 259
Chalmers
,
47
13
acceptance
scale
,
24
theory
101
, 421
,
dimension
,
Copernicus
Change
327
- 44
Copernican
, 359
variable
,
- 376
molecules
one
polar
temperature
Cepheid
149
13
41
,
, 13
mass
,
374
11
diatomic
in
, 11 - 15
of , 37 , 41 - 50
of
11Q
superior
375
heat
,
,
Celestial
Center
- 406
- 369
momentum
of
Celestial
249
405
397
geographic
gravity
,
and
currents
Convection
, 44
, 388
,
235
Convection
118
latitude
of
- 405
92
,
,
,
Celestial
385
290
49
circumpolar
of
Center
,
,
, 274
, Anders
404
367
energy
of
,
, 15 - 16
Celsius
,
of
equator
Celsius
445
,
353
law
celestial
of
,
inferior
Constellations
- 275
axis
442
,
100
397
of
77
formalism
Celestial
polar
,
,
of
,
Constraints
Dominique
mapping
,
thermal
,
autumnal
experiment
274
,
Conservation
, 454
gravitational
xiv
invention
Conservation
temperature
, Henry
,
417
259
of , 419
, Jean
,
343
" heat
, 445
.
365
,
, 421
ideal
) .
294
,
- 419
439
,
B
,
- 428
scales
Cavendish
- 417
,
adiabatic
) ,
general
and
( ftn
274
J . ames
Conjunctions
411
in , 432
of , 427
Cassini
) , 413
,
- 428
, 418
32
4 .' ; 0
extinguisher
- 418
proof
's
,
( ftn
, 419
418
,
Condenser
409
, 427
theorem
Carnot
fire
.
chemical
Condensation
,
, 417
gas
108
Conductivity
374
- 421
.
,
, 444
- 373
changes
a
, 441
as
,
107
of
Compounds
- 364
,
,
cycle
,
Conant
, 412
Sadi
entropy
for
Comets
, 227
Carnot
Carnot
-
- 490
, 369
, 372
, 226
175
, 359
dioxide
solid
,
Compression
. 361
Carbon
, 484
, 361
Calorimetry
166
orbits
, 424
Calendars
Caloric
,
Christopher
34
- 483
, 166
,
, 329
Davy, Sir Humphry, 374, 441
Day, appart:nt solar, 54
mean solar, 53
sidereal, ~3, 54
Declination, 35, 41, 48
of the zenith, 50
Deferent, 84.-85
Deformation, elastic, 256- 257,
313, 315
inelastic, 256-257, 313, 370
Degree of freedom, 471, 474, 475,
478
Democritus, 70, 300, 438, 439
Density, of air, 322- 323
of the earth, 275
of the earth's core, 276
of the moon, 279
of the sun, 277
Derivative, 175- 176, 482-484
of position vector, 200
de Santillana, Giorgio, 156
Descartes, Rene, 262, 296, 297,
299, 310, 439
Determinism, 300
Dew, formation of, 397
Diamond, specific heat of, 476
Diatomic molecules, coordinates
of, 470
Dick, Robert, 403
Dickinson, H. W., 402 (ftn )
Differentiation, seeDerivative
Diffusion, 450
and molecular speeds, 461
Disorder and entropy, 435
Displacement, 166, 190, 198- 201
as an area, 179- 180
Diurnal motion, of the stars, 16,
19
of the sun, 19, 21
Domain of a function, 169
Doppler effect, 129- 131, 142
Dreyer, J. L. E., 28, 29 (ftn ) , 32,
74 (ftn ) , 79 (ftn ) , 80
(ftn ) , 81, 94 (ftn )
Dry ice, see Carbon dioxide, solid
Dualism, 304
Dulong, P. L., 475
Dulong and Petit, specific-heat
rule of, 475, 476
Dynamics, 159, 201, 220
Dyne, 242, 481
of , due to
as a planet , 95
radius of , 32 , 480
rotation
of , 52 , 74 , 76 , 81 , 282 283
satellitesof, 339, 354- 355
shapeof, 29- 31, 281-285
stationary conception of, 8283
Eccentric circle, 84- 85, 95, 102
Eccentricity of an ellipse, 107
Eclipse seasons
, 57
Eclipses, 19, 31, 57
Eclipsing variable stars, 131
493
INDEX
Ecliptic
,
axis
19
of
-
,
location
,
,
27
on
obliquity
,
21
21
of
Ecole
,
,
,
map
21
,
,
Efficiency
,
of
a
421
,
of
412
Carnot
425
of
machines
a
power
plant
of
a
steam
- engine
,
,
engine
,
,
,
-
9
,
,
219
,
264
271
,
Hooke
of
,
147
.
,
438
present
-
.
447
conception
definition
heats
synthesis
of
of
of
,
,
473
,
475
-
of
,
Agrigentum
,
438
,
,
of
Galileo
of
Hume
Energy
of
Bacon
,
,
,
151
,
-
447
-
,
146
,
149
,
343
of
- grade
.
.
377
internal
,
of
378
a
: 1, ( ; 9
-
: 1, 71
of
,
,
,
varieties
.
,
Kinetic
energy
Engine
,
heat
Engine
,
,
for
-
motion
Heat
,
see
of
Steam
systems
of
significance
of
of
a
of
Epicycle
.
,
-
85
,
second
-
84
362
of
385
,
.
terrestrial
.
,
see
Kepler
44
357
-
358
,
203
,
433
74 ,
224
- 225
,
) , 370
, 348
of
389
an
.
ideal
453
.
gas
-
16
,
.
Frame
earth
178
, 201
- 202
and
,
205
,
207
,
209
,
as fluids
Freedom
- 269
intermolecular
,
, see
204
- 205
,
263
of , 453 - 454
, Pierre
, 441
the
Louis , 382,
453
latitude
,
13 ,
Geographical
coordinates
40
Geometry , 9- 10
coordinate , 174 ( ftn )
- 251
moon
Greek
, 56 - 57
of
127
Denmark
of
Gibbs
, 104
,
16 , 23 ,
2R5
, 13 , 75 , 188
as , 250
degrees
gas
Gay -Lussac , Joseph
, 232
, 33
,
Ideal
Gauge . pressure . 320 - 321
-
, 92 , 250
of
state
, 472
Gassendi
, 249
, 223
reference
II
of
gas
cycle for , 419
energy
Geographic
of
for ,
kinetic theory of . 452 - 458
properties
of , 445 , 453
specific heats of , 390 - 393 , 472 -
, 252
, Joseph
formula
474
- 346
motion
mass ,
, 315 - 316
internal
- 232
. 375
Fraunhofer
an ideal
Gases , Carnot
nonconservative
- 210
' s surface
unit
1, ~ 1,
pendulum
geographic
33
per
. 465 . 482
molar
, 221
,
pressure
, kinetic
453 - 458
- 349
, 344
of
153 -
Boyle ' s, 323
Charles and Gay -Lussac ' s, 382 -
, 263
of ,
Copernican
physical
15
,
465
of ,
kinetic theory of , 441 , 443 , 445
static conception
of , 443
, 314
of , 207
Foucault
356 ,
, 183 , 223
of . 183 - 185
discoveries
universal
of
- 249
and
Formalisms
'4
327 ,
Gaseous
state , 445 - 446
Gas
law . see
Equation
- 447
Frederick
223
10 ,
,
( ftn
. 263
unbalanced
inertia
theory
constant
389
astronomical
)
- 162
, 227
transmission
' s
300 ,
. J . G .. 280
Gas
)
ideal
, 224
torque
102
33
,
( ftn
the
,
and
264
.
,
Equilibrium
chemical
95
complete
celestial
Galle
- 309
, 446
stress
of
telescopic
,
, 246
of , 161
restoring
)
110
.
and law
projectile
, 481
, 245
446
,
state
-
Equations
,
.
-
- 317
interatomic
435
434
ftn
thermal
" ' " 85
383
Equator
161
, 329
cohesion
law
361
Equation
.
of
,
.
,
(
89
law
Equalization
.
234
.
139
, 359
of
, centrifugal
and
areas
Equant
,
life
439
84
,
of , 317
gravitational
of
Roland
136
, 4 , 70
, 317
of , 315
frictional
-
435
disorder
nature
,
Equal
,
pro
, 112 , 151 - 157 , 223 287 ,
experiments
of , 164
free -fall theory of , 161 - 163
1/ Saggiatore , 151
, 343
432
measure
Epicurus
.
.
the
,
,
431
irreversible
cesses
EotvQs
,
-
scale
( ftn
conservative
in
162
Gas
, 232
concept
,
434
growth
,
, 307
, 281
centripetal
,
System ) ,
Dialogue
on the Great
World
Systems , 156 , 183 ( ftn )
Dialogues
Concermng
Two Ne \v
Sciences , 156 , 162 , 164 ( ftn )
and
ecclesiastical
authority ,
,
,
Daniel
, definition
Force
engine
434
definition
130
theory
- pound
Way
155
friction
Foot
engine
biological
cosmological
,
science
, plastic
nature
Galilei
, 388
- earth
velocities
155 - 157
, Benjamin
Fluids
,
( Milky
, 165
, and
) , 136 , 139 - 147
recessional
374 , 439 , 441
, 219
227
harmonic
,
Galileo
temperature
347
and
shift
-
reversible
, Gabriel
Fluid
344
see
145
. 445
galaxies
Flow
1
,
,
universe
mechanical
of , 367
124 , 135 - 136
universe
adiabatic
and
343
.
steam
Entropy
Newton
( external
red
Galileo
of
Huygens
Galaxies
, 365
82 - 85
,
simple
~
the
. 422
of
energy
heat
224 ,
,
of
Fixed
376
, latent
Galaxy
by
Vaporization
of
Farrington
.
machines
1
and
of , 366
Faith
344
375
systems
as
of , see
rate
Fahrenheit
,
, 169 - 171
of , 142 , 144 - 147
147
heat
A ., 147
of , 397
, mathematical
of , 74
454
as
,
principle
and
-
, 224
, Aleksandr
, formation
Fusion
, 407
heat
472
481
Potential
Energy
453
.
motion
against , 327 , 444
Friedman
- 478
. 168
, cooling
External
429
392
227 ,
, 229 , 230 - 232
work
Frost
spheres
359
,
of
also
,
.
224 - 225 ,
Aether
Fahrenheit
329
, 472
observation
, Oliver
374
of
of
380
dissipated
transmission
units
static
- 472
164
432
- grade
.
gas
,
sources
.
low
-
mechanical
and
429
and
internal
elementary
, 74
,
353
degradation
,
relative
Functions
Experimentation
448
161 - 162 ,
rolling , 232
sliding , 229 - 230 , 331
, 9 - 10 , 71 , 73
152
of
see
of
, ' s'ee
Expansion
conservation
high
Errors
417
,
and
,
149
297
,
physical , 170, 420
Ether
326
binding
42
, 481
Evolution
296
, 161
of , 228
232 , 317 ( ftn ) , 370
26 - 28 ,
, 469
heats
Evaporation
107
439
Empiricism
fluid
, 119
Evans
of
24 ,
of
concentric
476
, 224 - 237
of atmosphere
, 32 , 73
Eudoxus
442
148
definition
Empedocles
,
Friction
heat
of , 469
specific
Euclid
439
- day
specific
315
Greek
Fresnel , August in , 371
469
, 41 - 42
form
, 329
Eros
of
early
,
ideal
theorem
Eratosthenes
,
446
law
,
,
,
Erg
313
' s
Elements
Ellipse
relativity
.
Elasticity
458
, 46 , 50
of ,
general
,
acceleration , see Acceleration
of gravity
definition
form
and
of
in
colure
Equipartition
468
theory
,
, . 433
44 , 76 . 285
408
,
361
, 415
411
147
,
fluid
es , 20 , 22
425
407
408
Free -fall
accelerated
, 378
precession
381
408
,
Albert
' s
- 358
working
Equinox
,
,
Einstein
357
Equinoctial
.
432
347
thermodynamic
,
,
engine
of
Einstein
an
thermodynamic
,
475 , 478
- 469
of
, 249
thermal
74
,
419
, 468
,
body
28
technique
,
, 366
48
27
Poly
Ecphantus
kinetic
42
rotative
star
of
poles
28
471
,
474
,
Gilbert
. 68 - 69
the
universe
, Josiah
, William
, 147
Willard
, 262
, 469
, 13 , 33 -
494
INDEX
Glanville
,
S .
R
.
K
.,
26
( ftn
)
Heracleides
Glass
,
of
Pontus
,
75
-
79
,
89
Jones
,
Howard
Jones
,
Sir
Mumford
,
2
(
ftn
)
449
Heraclitus
Globe
,
celestial
,
.
69
,
438
star
clusters
,
136
,
,
17
,
Spencer
,
119
of
Alexandria
,
399
Joule
,
James
138
Herschel
Gnomon
.
44
Hero
Globular
H
,
Sir
William
,
280
392
52
Hertz
Gold
,
Thomas
Governor
,
,
Gradient
149
steam
of
Gram
atom
Gram
- calorie
Gram
mass
Gram
molecule
423 ,
- engine
,
temperature
,
,
,
,
( ftn
Holton
464
law
universal
of
,
see
Newton
of
,
266
earth
274
energy
' s
,
surface
339
-
Hooke
,
of
celeration
of
of
,
204
,
331
,
,
of
Greek
science
,
,
atomic
336
,
see
Ac
-
- 211
,
249
,
339
- 86
,
304
,
,
,
,
hour
Greenwich
meridian
,
Guericke
J .
,
G
437
Otto
74
- 86
- 440
67
- 72
,
,
,
40
33
,
Yon
,
use
of
of
angular
39
,
motion
Carnot
,
,
, Immanuel
, Lord
heat
,
in
the
in
Kepler
145
165
,
159
Kepler
,
145
Ice
,
melting
dry
Ice
,
of
see
gas
,
359
,
222
,
259
,
definition
453
Joule
Ideal
,
's
Kinetic
energy
,
317
- 319
of
- gas
,
,
382
383
,
,
389
,
,
392
,
scale
,
423
,
problems
Impulse
,
160
,
Inertial
frame
Infinite
universe
,
,
183
,
first
,
,
,
,
,
250
celestial
103
,
484
- 490
,
as
see
an
forces
,
,
and
also
,
- 447
,
heat
,
Leavitt
area
446
specific
Heat
of
stars
square
law
closed
Irreversible
,
,
,
,
,
es
change
of
352
sta
te
,
416
( ftn )
J .,
366
James
Jammer
,
William
,
Max
,
,
83
, Gottfried
Lever
( ftn
)
365 ,
geocentric
gravity
Levers
,
273
Life
,
429
Light
Wilhelm
, Abbe ' Georges
, 70 , 438 , 439
arm , 209
, J . J ., 280
, 204 , 209 , 345
, and
entropy
, 434
, emission
of , 444
of , 130 , 482
Light
- years
Line
of
Line
vector
free
99
versus
, 131 , 294
Lemaitre
Liquids
Lawrence
,
, Henrietta
, 122 , 481
nodes
Lippershey
464
, 367
vaporization
,
,
282 -
Lee , O . J ., 121
speed
432
88
,
fusion
of
of
Leverrier
270
orbits
motion
Isothermal
,
process
growth
culture
,
- 267
planetary
entropy
Brightness
intrinsic
265
physical
Isochronous
see
441
,
( ftn ) ,
, 44
Leucippus
brightness
,
( ftn ) , 101
variation
284
Leibniz
energy
Isotopes
, 430
of , 441 - 443
, 13 , 16 , 23 , 33 - 35
and
424
of
heat
astronomic
285
- 490
396
380 ,
,
( ftn )
heat
Latitude
233
489
Displacement
96 . 103 - 113
pressure
404 , 426 , 436 , 450
452
and
, T . S ., 74
Latent
398
reference
Intermolecular
Islamic
, A ., 441
Kuhn
399
221
356
,
156
,
and
gas
theory
Kronig
Latent
298
,
of
,
Intrinsic
von ,
,
engine
of
Inverse
466 ,
, 468 - 469
of
assumptions
412
steam
, 367 - 369 , 444
458 ,
254
revolution
Internal
,
, 334
- molecular
160
infertnce
,
458 ,
, 335 - 337
theory
basic
physical
,
441 , 455 - 458
304
of
Impetus
, 353
temperature
equilibrium
Kinetic
,
, 326
translation
-
424
Idealism
of
265 ,
, 364
thermal
agitation
470 - 473
Kinetic
393
motion
112 - 113 ,
motion
rotation
Kinetic
for
temperature
Integration
90-
- calorie
Kelvin
466
393
- 385
planetary
108 ,
harmonic
of
solid
465
law
262 ,
law , 108 , 269 , 271 - 273
, 329
,
( ftn )
106 - 113 ,
of
law ,
267
Kilogram
of
state
,
laws
Kilowatt
277
dioxide
of
Inquisition
of vaporization
. see Latent
heat of vaporization
Heat pump , ideal , 418
I-leating
coil ; 376
Heating
function , 395
Heeschen , D . S., 142 ( ftn )
third
,
of
equation
, 458 , 466
, 425
law , 111 - 113 , 269 , 273
367
Carbon
point
Ideal
,
, 388 ,
, 107
and
moment
, 418
's
319
312
, 385 , 420 - 423
Johannes
,
148
,
of , 393
thermodynamic
energy
,
,
-
420 ,
281 , 287 , 296
,
sun
Thom
393 ,
temperature
values
,
327
universe
,
. 360 - 361 . 367 - 369
Hermann
,
the
Hydrostatics
thermodynamicsInertia
, 348 , 449
kinetic
second
,
of
absolute
423 , 425
negative
universe
machines
,
and
80- 84,
Kelvin
297
268
385 ,
experiment
concept
and
142
Christian
Industrial
, 413 - 418
theory ,
) ,
, 277
Wil Iiam
303 ,
temperature
measure
) ,
, 307
- plug
and
( ftn
of , 277
energy
( Sir
son ) ,
428
329
the
,
of
Kant
first
David
,
composition
Kelvin
visible
344
theory
of , 370 -
and degradation
of energy , 429
and kinetic theory , 444
by radiation , convection , and
Henderson
315
481
P . ,
of
Hydraulic
efficiency of , 419, 420 , 425
conduction
,
Edwin
age
Huygens
engine , types of , 399 , 412
,
,
Hour angle, 36- 39, 42
Greenwich, 40
Hour circles, 36, 37
Hoyle, Fred, 149
Hume
312
term , in
, 380
as a vibrational
Helmholtz
,
38
Inductive
of . 363 . 364
329
( unit
heat
units
Heliocentric
315
of , 277
of , 153 , 277
porous
,
83
371 . 481
spontaneous
,
and
- hour
Idealization
, see Latent
flow
270
14
262
specific , see Specific
Heat
,
elasticity
,
440
matter of , see Caloric
mechanical
equivalent
, of
and
satellites
III
147
444
ideal
of
Horsepower
Hubble
Halifax, Lord, 218
Halley, Edmond, 268, 270
Halley's comet, 274
llarvey , William , 303
Hawkins. GeraldS .- 57- SR
Heat, in Aristotelean physics, 356
atomic, 472, 475
Black's theory of, 357, 360361, 369
as a form of energy, 327, 369371
generationof, 232, 369- 371
kinetic concePtionof. 441. 443-
Heat
268
astronomical
Hydrogen
latent
) ,
)
Horsepower
Hubble
angle
.,
,
66
philosophy
Greenwich
434
of
theory
of
Gregory
( ftn
,
( ftn
law
,
Hour
210
theories
chronology
and
's
262
452
,
gravity
,
66
astronomical
and
,
,
337
259
work
106
as a source
Robert
Horizon
on
- 342
acceleration
center
,
,
447
astronomical
,
,
, atmosphere
279
31
)
441
potential
Gravity
Hooke
481
Gravitational
the
's
,
mass
Gerald
( ftn
gravitation
)
)
,
- 465
constant
,
Jupiter
481
241
of
275
367
( ftn
364
,
law
,
465
,
Gravitation
453 - 454
407
, 57
, 188
, Hans
, 153
, 315 - 316 , 449 - 450
surface
Lobachevski
of , 319
, 9 , 147
, 219
E . , 146
Hicetas
-
393
INDEX
Locke
495
, John
Longitude
Molecular
, 305 , 306 , 310
, 13 , 33 , 39 - 40 , 54
celestial
, 44 , 91
Lowell
. Percival
. 280
Luminosity ,
see
short
Lunar
Society
table
Molecules
Brightness
of
Birmingham
,
406
. ton ' s laws
in
system
Machine ~,
perpetual
Magellanic
Magnitude
beams
Moment
, . of
the
celestial
the
earth
sphere ,
distance
eclipses
of
earth
of
, 275 , 480
and
planets , 278 - 279 ,
of
the
. Materialism
, 302 , 304 , 440
gaseous
Robert
of
( ftn ) ,
von ,
time
374 ,
, 53 , 241
advantage , 346 , 402
Mechanical
efficiency
of
a heat
engine , 408
Mechanical
energy
Mechanical
Morison
,
100 , 220 -
259 ,
see
also ,
laws of motion
Newton
Motion
free
in
, 469 , 471 - 472
, terrestrial
celestial
Meridian
220
221
.
,
,
232
,
259
-
,
- 235
( ftn
) ,
.
250
271
,
,
254
221
,
252
-
- 251
,
Newton
of
,
100
' s
,
see
laws
474
of
- 478
geometry
,
130
,
,
9 - 10
,
153
reactions
,
,
Objectivity
Eliot
148
106
. 32
on
of
( ftn )
revival
of
freedom
of ,
,"
circular
relative
152
,
see
of
167
75
-
93
- 85
,
also
183
,
95
91
- 96
Kepler
planetary
,
' s
motion
274
disorder
Nicole
,
and
,
160
entropy
motion
,
,
,
,
,
Osiander
-
- 297
,
102
Oscillatory
, 348 - 353
vibratory
,
in
Parallax
solids ,
448 - 449 ,
Andreas
of
10 - 15
,
348
,
103
,
-
435
353
( north
Nadir
, 14
the
stars ,
apparent
,
Almanac
, American
, 34
Parsec
,
122
,
Blaise
Pascal
' s
Peirce
,
, Sir
,
,
,
365 ,
,
,
Period
, 166 , 439 , 441
of ,
269 - 270 ,
of , on social Thinking ,
309 - 311
of , 217 - 220
O Plicks , 219
Principia , 69 , 157 , 269 - 270
Phase
Philolaus
,
,
gas
270
spring
,
,
55
,
.
57
.
T
.,
,
74
angle
,
467
.
,
atomic
92
60
,
- 95
,
,
109
92
468
machines
,
374
475
,
scientific
,
352
353
motion
56
- motion
A
252
353
Ideal
,
Jean
Philosophy
and
,
orbital
Perpetual
,
99
pendulum
synodic
Petit
319
loaded
of
.
33
,
see
simple
Perrin
see
108
sidereal
gravitation
287 , 299 - 311
of
Periods
,
.,
348
of
,
,
addition
274
Perihelion
of , 218 - 220
of
,
precession
engine ,
119
312
Foucault
165
gas
of
Isaac
,
CharlesS
torsion
. 402
steam
,
159
29
principle
Pendulum
,
,
latitude
,
121
118
forces
algebra
of
Perfect
discovery
of law
by , 262 - 267
impact
of ideas
life
Vector
simple
. Thomas
impact
,
Pascal
mysticism , 87, 102,
,
of
Parmenides
pole ) , 11
,
geocentric
Parallels
, 40
achievements
heliocentric
Parallelogram
402 - 403
Newton
or
also
celestial
Neoplatonic
117
horizontal
, 44 , 121 - 122
NCP
,
annual
475 . 477
Newcomen
~ -;
of molecular speeds, 463
Mind-and-matter problem, 303305
Mines, pumping of, 400-401
Models, molecular, 470
Molar specific heat, 472, 473
Mole (gram molecule) , 46~
Molecular beams, 461- 463/
-
,
73
135
177 , 179 - 181
Newcomen
of
,
Oresme
,
151
296
planetary
comets
Order
,
104
motion
radius
,
,
,
,
laws
, 162 - 163 ,
74
- dimensional
of
Neptune , discovery of , 280
stars , 124 , 135 - 136
and
Kusch
' s mp :lc;11rpmpnfc
reason
101
t t t
systems , 241 - 243 , 329
. Rev . John . 274
versus
Orbits
, 244 - 249
accelerated
Navigation
, 276
authority
160
306
Aristotle
292
versus
, 167 - 182
of ,
telescope ( transit ) , 18,
,
,
by
,
casual
of , 161 - 185
" violent
science
,
astronomical
, 161 - 163
" and
in
Observations
, 88
dimension
Meteors , 276 , 370 ( ftn )
Miller
,
205
Numerology
Orbital
Nautical
system
for
147
One
proper
, 33
Way . galactic
250
455
- 227
375
- Euclidean
471 , 474 , 478
Metric
Michell
Milky
223
motion
Non
perpetual , 374
projectile , 183 - 185 .
simple harmonic , 348 - 353
41 , 43
. Meteorites
,
,
mechanics
, 251 ,
Mumford , Lewis , 51 ( ftn ) , 309
Mycenae , 64
, 14 , 39
plane . 14 . 33
Meridian
earth
fall
one
's
270
Meridian
-
scales
failure
, degrees
of , 474 - 478
statistical
the
influence
Motions
Melting , 366 , 449
Mercury , 77 - 81
precession
of the perihelion
time
, 106 , 285 -286
. Samuel
vibrational
, Newtonian
,
,
Newtonian
of Jupiter , 153 , 277
heat ,
370 - 371 . 481
failure
tides
uniformly
of
-
253
of . 153
uniform
, 326
equivalent
law
law
279
Novae
" natural
Measure value of a physical quantity
, lR9
Mechanical
220
- 478
also
Galileo ' s analysis
units
,
reference
of
and
learning
392
solar
Mechanics
268 - 269 ,
Nuclear
4f ; Q
Mean
of ,
of , 118 , 480
Moslem
of , 315 - 316 , 445 - 450
Mayer , Julius
~ ms
of
second
of , 57
Moons
Matter of heat , 361
Maxwell , James Clerk , 452
,
synodic and sidereal periods of ,
, 297
Matter , solid , liquid , and
states
on ,
55 - 57
science
motion
, 221
limitations
of atmosphere
phases of ,. 55 - 56
, 68 - 71
of , in
,
shell
molecules
183
f ( ) rmali
of , 57
surface
Mathematics , beginnings of , 8
role
~ ~
474
ocean
of
to
,
frames
of , 56 , 57
orbit
sun , 277 , 480
Greek
and
,
of
spherical
laws
law
third
motion
480
uniform
' s
first
influence
of , on
278 - 279
of , 240 - 241
moon
a
application
( ftn )
of , 257 - 259 , 278 , 334
orbits
)
259
of , 253
acceleration
center
( ftn
481
266
formulation
Newton
279
, 233
the
, 461 - 462
, 336 , 489 - 490
Moon , absence
Mass
,
,
252
conservation
Monists
. 438
, 33 - 36 , 39 - 40
243
? f;Q
, 252 - 259
Mars , atmosphere
of , 279
orbit of , 80 , 108 ( ftn ) , 112
variations
in brightness , 78
measurement
for
.
inertia
) ,
2 / 14 - 2 / 17
angular . 273
37 , 44 - 50
of
of
Momentum
. 320 - 321
Mapping
, 442
force
gravitation
mathematical
of , 442 - 443
, 446 , 447 , 452
molecular
of
of
planetary
273
to . 455 . 477
between
law
closed
New -
reality of , 467
stability
of , 448
, 241 - 243 , 329
simple , 344 - 347
-motion , 374
clouds , 131 , 133
of stars , 123 ( ftn )
Manometer
of
, 422 , 470 , 477
forces
( unit
's
and
application
monatomic
MKS
Newton
of , 473
,
diatomic
of
scale
Newton
basic conception
stars , intrinsic
month
. 25
Lunar
weights , chemical
of , 463 - 465
351
and
acceptance
theories
theory
,
,
438
of
101
- 441
496
INDEX
Philosophy
( continued
)
of
common
sense
, 83
of
Descartes
, 262
, 296
divorce
in
of
the
science
of
379
, 289
century
Pressure
,
299
,
, 151
67 - 73 ,
, 296
- 297
82 - 83 ,
434
438
-
mind
problem
neoplatonic
102
of
in ,
mysticism
,
87 ,
, 111
scholastic
Almagest
Physical
,
quantities
primary
complete
, 178
and
,
, 188
178
- 189
secondary
,
Ptolemy
178
,
scalar
and
vector
Planck
, Max
- 102
laws
Planets
,
of
also
, 188
water
, 76 , 78
masses
of , 279
's
, 400
, 400
- driven
( ftn
)
ot ,
85 ,
in
( ftn
)
- 401
, 401
301
Pythagoreans
periods
,
93 -
,
71 ,
Samos
,
, 480
theory
300
, 85
,
299
motion
of
,
42 ,
59 -
of
Quantum
29 ,
brightness
of ,
60 ,
and
70 - 71 ,
Quasars
heat
secondary
,
, 136
, 142
flow
, 281
( ftn
)
RAZ
, 9 , 70 - 71 , 86 , 87 , 438
Pluto
, discovery
axis
Polar
coordinates
, celestial
, 193
, 273
Gregory
Pope
Paul
Pope
, 145
Urban
Position
Ramus
11 - 12
XIII
communication
, 291
of , 295
, 156
,
,
198
- 171
, 339
of
heat
Pound
- force
Poundal
- 200
) ,
variable
quan
-
, 175
Red
, 376
,
98 ,
304
,
observation
,
296
stellar
spectra
space
vehicles
atmosphere
, 481
, general
Religion
and
302
- 327
mathematical
observational
,
142
into
, 370
( ftn
147
, 271
,
science
, 307
Renaissance
of , 374
steam
, 398
,
)
Power
plant
Resultant
of , 381
steam
, 408
, 425
- 427
289
,
300
-
Sextant
- 309
, 408
Pragmatism
Retrograde
, 99
Precession
,
the
equinox
es ,
24 ,
. 26 - 28 , 42 , 44 , 76 , 285
the
perihelion
of
, absolute
Mercury
,
- 322
- 325
and
, 321
, 317
kinetic
453
- 458
- 319
theory
167
,
194
-
, 314 - 315 , 316 , 370
Sidereal period , 56 , 92 - 95 , 109
Simple harmonic
motion , 348 - 353
Slope of a line in physical
units ,
174
Carnot
cycle
,
, 371
gases
entropy
of
Richer
, Jean
Snell
proof
Snow
- 372
of
state
,
416
, Bruno
,
, 118
41 - 44 ,
dioxide
. 373
thinking
and . Newtonian
physics , 309 - 311
, 70 - 71 , 86
46 ,
48
,
Ptolemaic
theory
of ,
84 - 85 ,
101 - 102
59
Roebuck
Socrates
, 468
Solar system, Copernican theory
of , see Copernican theory
, 158
,
, Marian
, 65
, carbon
Social
-
, 430
Learning
ascension
( ftn )
Slug , 239
Smoluchowski
physical
changes
Revival
Right
of
/
) ,
, 42 , 92
the
of
and knowledge ,
, 36
417
, 324
of , 314
hydrostatic
,
- 418
cesses
, 322
, 321
definition
and
417
Reversible
atmospheric
gauge
of
Reversibility
270
Pressure
256
, 223
motion
Reversibility
of
of ,
sum
, 205
, 397
Shapley , Harlow , 134
coefficient
( vector
195
Theories ,
304 - 305
257
, 327
efficiency
,
see
, 19 - 23
Sense-experience
. 89 . 158
Restitution
- 399
291 -
, 295 , 297
. 292
theories ,
breeze
Seasons
Shear
sources
289 ,
scientific
,
Sea
of
Relativity
,
theory -building , 293- 295
-
144
~ l , 337
procedures
296
in
- entry
, John
of ,
faith , 307 - 309
method
, 98
of . 296 - 29R
Scientific
shift
Re
knowledge , nature
and religious
Scientific
, 453
appearance
versus
, 339
, 353
Scientific
Scientific
evolution
- 302
306
, 451
, 239
. 326
172
and
, 240
Power
( ftn
, 148
Reality
- 342
mass
gravitation
68
297
motion
latent
67 ,
101 )
of
, chemical
nuclear
and technology , 2- 5, 158, 293,
. 302
, 301
, 326
center
,
Reason
harmonic
. 299
Reactions
, 168
, 191
astronomical
local
of ,
398 - 399
Jr . ,
change
tity
135
graphs
energy
H .,
Rationalism
, 304
Potential
of , 5 - 6
309
, 369
, 111
J .
of
, 26
VIII
vector
Positivism
and
,
Rate
, stellar
, 367
of , 371
, Petrus
Randall
V , 156
- time
Position
physics
origin of , 4
and religion , 289 , 300 - 302 , 307 -
)
theory
296
,
Populations
( ftn
, heat
wave
. 11 . 28
Pope
and
, 18
Radiation
, 11 , 18 , 35 , 39
star
in
limitations
of , 306 - 307
mathematical
foundation
, 478
, 46
Radian
, 13
Poles
of
, 440
of , 280
Polar
Pole
in mathematics
297
Plato
Polaris
distinction
. 191
cycles in growth
78 - 79
Plastic
,
Schrodinger , Erwin , 434
Science , classifications
of , 6- 8
definition
, 394
, 476
vectors
Schiaparelli , Giovanni V ., 80
Scholastic philosophy , 88- 89
, 252
, 271
specific
of
Scalar -vector
distinction
, 166 - 167 , 191
and
motion
theory
and
components
,
, 439
Quantity
60 , 77 , 92
in
primary
of , 342
191 - 194 , 328
161
,
, 339 - 342
energy
Scalar
, 73 , 83 , 87 , 106
Qualities
, artificial
- 402
, 440
of
of , 441
St . Augustine , 87
St . Thomas Aquinas , 88 , 103
Sandage , Alan R ., 136
Scalar -vector
nature
Pythagoras
heat
speed of , 354 - 355
Satellites , of Jupiter , 153 , 277
Savery , Thomas , 402
- 320
, 400
Purpose
, 104 , 106
( Benjamin
.
) , 370 , 374 , 380
STP , 384
89 -
438
, 113
variations
84 - 85 ,
. 59 - 60
and
Ptolemaic
, 319
mines
, 209 , 249
London , 218 ,
Bohemia
of
escape
, force
suction
motion
of
radii
retrograde
Kepler
, 480
motion
94 , 109
91 - 96 ,
of , 279
inferior
observed
,
planetary
, atmospheres
orbital
- 167
75 - 85 ,
see
73 ,
, 418
for
,
-
of
, Count
Thompson
Satellite
, 312
, 52 , 74 - 76 ,
, 233
system
steam
orbits
101
in
, 166
, 262
, 476
Planetary
121
- 102
, air
heat
, 89 , 218
44 ,
I , 73
Pumps
II
Rumford
,
, 85 , 89 , 101
101
243
Plague
star
,
astronomical
equations
- 185
c ' \ ncept
Claudius
speed , 459
earth
268 , 406
a
, 163
the
81 , 282 - 283
Rudolf
of
, 87
Rotative equilibrium
Royal
Society
of
90 , 95 - 96
, 434
Physical
a
- 321
, 183
Proportionality
, 88
Photosynthesis
for
of
, 406
motion
122
,
civilization
Root - mean -square
Rotation
, 33
motion
, 98 - 99
,
, 419
, 320
, Joseph
Ptolemy
pragmatism
323
relation
meridian
Proper
,
. 323
Projectile
- and - matter
303 - 305
of
ley
Prime
440
, 416
gauge
Priest
,
Roman
, 453
diagram
, 409
gas
Pressure
empiricism
Greek
gases
- volume
-
311
of
of
- volume
- 297
from
eighteenth
mixture
Pressure
, 406
Tychonic
theory
of , 80 , 104
497
INDEX
Solid
elements
,
475 - 476
Solid
state ,
atomic
heats
315 - 316 ,
of ,
445 ,
448 -
449
Solstices
,
winter
and
summer
,
20 , 22 - 23
Sound ,
speed
of ,
see
Speed
of
sound
Space , curvature
of , 147
Specific heat , classical theory of ,
472
- 474
definition
of , 363 , 394 -:-396
of gases , 389 - 393 , 473
influence
of
vibrational
quencyon
and
internal
molar
fre -
, 477
energy
, 396
, 472 - 473
and quantum theory, 478
of
solid
table
elements
, 475 - 476
of , 365 , 473
variation
of ,
191
with
temperature
,
- 194
of water , 363 , 366 ( ftn )
Specific heat function , 395
Spectra , 125 - 127
absorption , 126 - 127
bright -line , 125 , 126
of
tion, 399
mechanical and thermodynamic
efficiency of, 408
Newcomen. 402-403
noncondensing, 408
Watt's condensing, 405
seealso, Heat engine
Steam jets. 399
.
Steampoint, 359
Steam pumps, of Savery and
Newcomen, 402
Steamturbines, 373, 400
Stern, Otto, 463
Stevin, Simon, 159, 204, 205, 374
Stone Age, 61
Stonehenge
, 25, 57- 58
Strain, elastic, 315
Strato, 79
Stress, 314
in a fluid, 317
frictional , 316
shear, 316
Suction pump, 400
Summation sign, 258
Sun. chemical constitution
of , 127
as a clock
distance
interior
stars . 127 - 130 . 144
Spectroscope , 125
mass
Speed , 166 ( ftn ) , 171 - 172
motions
of free
terminal
Speed
fall , 161 - 163
. 162
of
gas
mean
and
Brownian
467
and
value
,
root -
.
459
spectrum
Sundial
, 466 -
Sundial
, 461
of , 342 , 352
location
chemical
of ,
41 ,
Technology , 2, 5, 158, 293
and
, 135
as clocks
distances
of , 16 , 18
of , 120 - 125
of , 148
globular
cluster of , 138
magnitude
of , 123 ( ftn )
morning
and evening , 77
parallax of , 121 - 123
motions
and
of , 44 , 121 - 122
Celsius
scales , absolute , 387
centigrade , 385 , 388 ,
,. 359 , 385 , 388
Celsius
, 130
Fahrenheit
ideal
, 359 , 388
thermodynamic ,
388,
423 - 425
, 425
( ftn ) ,
430 . 469 . 471 - 472
thermodynamic , 386, 388, 420425
Steady -state cosmology , 149
Steam engine , cyclic , 408 - 410
industrial
421-
gas , 423 - 424
Kelvin
mechanics
thermodynamic ,
423
of , 379
of 383 - 385 , 389 , 453 ,
first
, 458 , 466
of , 357
421
, 131
, 159 , 201 , 203 - 215
the
energy
reaction
thermodynamic , 386, 420- 425
465
and
kinetic
Temperature
absolute
State, thermodynamic , 377- 378
Statistical
, 18 , 41
measurement
of , 12 ; 38
changes
equation
,
' s , 153
Mt . Palomar , 134
Temperature
, and chemical
, 356
equality of , 358
gradient of , 367
, 131
variable
Galileo
meridian
, 50
culmination
trails
revolution
Lick , refracting , 45
circumpolar , 16, 47
pulsating
industrial
44
of , 10 - 15
stars
Statics
the
Telescope , equatorial mounting of ,
motion
brightness of , see Brightness of
proper
, 342 , 343 ( ftn )
398
, apparent
double
, 433
thermodynamic , 343 (ftn ) , 377
of , 46
evolution
, 430
isolated
, 239
Star populations
Stars
Synodic period , 55 , 57 , 60 , 92
Systems , biological , 433 - 434
mechanical
maps , construction
44 - 50
use
of motions , 71- 72,
84 - 85 , 469 - 471 , 475
tension
. 451
Surface
Stability of a molecule , 448
Star
, 131
Superposition
of , 460
Standard
, 34 , 40
, 153
Supernovae
of , 461 - 463
of sound , 453 , 460
specific heat , 391 , 393 , 477
balance , 202 , 204
, potential
energy of , 342
stiffness
declination
of , 127
time
and speed of sound , 460
table
and
, 52
Sunspots
diffusion
Speed
and
Spring
Springs
of , 19 - 21
ascension
of , 48
movement
measurement
, 119 , 480
of , 277 , 480
right
molecules
- square
, 50
from
earth
of , 277
revolu
/ / '
-
seeals.oThermometers
Tension, 314- 315
Terminal speed, 162
Thales of Miletus , 9, 69, 438
Theodolite , 17
Theophilus , 87
Theories , scientific , 7, 293- 295
acceptance of , 101
criteria of excellence for , 100,
101
evolution of , 394
Greek and modern views of , 98,
c)c)
nature of , 96, 97
and reality , 98
value of . 97. 98
Thermal energy , of a solid , 449
and degrees of freedom , 474,
47 ~
distribution
of , see Equiparti .
tion theorem
and specific heats, 472- 478
Thermal
equilibrium , 357- 358,
361- 362. 458
and concept of temperature ,
425 ( ftn )
and entropy , 431, 433
Thermodynamic efficiency , 408
Thermodynamic equilibrium , 378,
433
Thermodynamic state, 377- 378
Thermodynamic temperature
scales, 386, 388, 420- 425
Thermodynamics , 376, 420
first law of , 377- 378, 380, 421
second law of , 377, 399, 428429
third law of , 377 (ftn )
use of the term " heat " in , 380
Thermometers . calibration nf . ?", q
constant -volume gas, 358, 385387
helium , 386
ice point and steam point of ,
359
invention of , 356- 357
mercury -in -glass, 358, 385
primary
and secondary , 359,
3R)
Thompson , Benjamin , see Rum ford , Count
Thomson , Sir William , see Kelvin ,
Lord
Tides , 106, 285- 286
Time . civil . 53
equation of , 54
local apparent solar , 40, 51, 54
local mean solar , 53, 54
measurement of , 50- 54
sidereal , 43 .
standard , 53
sundial , 34, 40
universal , 54
zones of , 53
Timocharus , 26
Tombaugh , Clyde W ., 280
Torricel Ii , Evangelista , 312, 321
Torque , 207- 211
about center of gravity , 249
Toynbee , Arnold J., 62
Transit , meridian , of an astronomical
body , 41 , 43, 48
Transit , surveyor 's, 17, 35
astronomical , 18, 41
Trevithick , Richard , 407
Triangulation , 115- 118
Truth . absolute . 98
Two -body system, 259 , 278
gravitational
potential
energy
of , 339- 342
Tycho B rahe, 80, 104, 111
498
INDEX
Uniform circular motion , 71, 244246 , 350
Uniformly accelerated motion , in
one dimension , 163, 177,
179- 1R1
in two dimensions , 183- 185
Units of measure, "189, 481
consistent , 178- 179, 234
Unit systems, 178- 179
British gravitational , 239- 240 ,
129
CGS and MKS , 241- 243, 329
Units of area, scale, 179
Units of structure , chemical , 442
Universe , age and birth of , 146147
Da.nte 's view of , 299
earth -centered , 74, 84- 85
energy of , 146, 148
entropy of , 433
evolution of , 145- 149
heliocentric , 83, 90- 96
infinite , 103
as a machine , 300
Universities , early , 88
U raniborg , 104
Uranus , irregular motion of , 280
Vector
algebra , 166 - 167 , 188 - 189 ,
198 ,
see
mathematical
also ,
components
. 196
Vector
Vector
Vectors
,
physical
one
Vector
,
166 -
, 167
rule
of
statics
,
205 -
207 , 223
Vectors
, addition
mathematical
scalar
of , 195 - 196
subtraction
vector
of , 196 - 197
of . 201
in one dimension
( scalar
) . 171 - 176
in
two
and
( vector
three
velocity
Venus , maximum
velocity
distributed
and
law
and
mass
of , 405
,
and
elongation
of ,
heat
,
, 234
, 266
, 263
, 266
, 239
Alfred
North
,
304
)
, Marquis
of , 402
. 326
as
the
a
area
under
definite
a
of , basic
of
of
, 331
, 336
, 371
- 373
gravity
rolling
sliding
units
Wright
, 333
, 332
friction
of , 329
, Sir
, 328
, corrected
bodies
, 330
, 331
definition
and
graph
integral
definition
Wren
of , 77 - 81
, 210
gravitation
,
as
on
) , 198 - 201
behavior
solids
force
of
reversible
dimensions
93
observed
, 202
as
Work
of , 197
. addition
) , 329
, I - I . F . , 393
Weight
Worcester
and speed , 166 ( ftn ) , 171
Velocities
engine
power
in
( ftn
of , 191 - 194
components
Velocity
Weber
Whitehead
by a scalar , 198
components
steam
motion
, 190 - 198
multiplication
of
449
quantities
dimension
sum
( unit
Wave
167 . 191
in
condensing
Watt
- 333
, 331
, 481
Christopher
, 268
, J . K . , 31
( ftn
)
phases of , 154 - 155
Vertical
circle
Vertical
motion
Vinci
, Leonardo
, 17
, 163 , 181 - 182
da , 158 , 159 , 296 ,
374
Vacuum , 440, 461
Vacuum pump , invention of , 319Viscosity , 232 , 317 ( ftn ) , 370
no
Voltaire
, 291
Vapor pressure , 366, 402, 416
Vowies , H . P ., 402 ( ftn )
and temperature , 436, 450- 452
Vaporization , latent heat of , 365,
Water , decomposition
of , 376
404, 426, 436
specific heat of , 363
two -current theory of , 366, 451unique properties
of , 366
452
Water -wheel analogy , 411 - 414
Variables , independent and dependent
Watt , James , 365
( ftn ) , 402 407
, 169- 171
Year
, length
sidereal
of , 24 - 26 , 28
, 481
, 28 , 481
tropical
( seasonal
) ,
19 - 21 ,
28 , 481
Young
, Thomas
Zenith
, 14
, 219
declination
right
Zero
Zero
Zodiac
of , 46 - 47
distance
, 18 , 36
. absolute
absolute
. 385
, and
state
, 441
of . 48 . 50
ascension
Zenith
, 371
of
, 24 , 76
. 387
specific
internal
. 425
heat
energy
, 476
, 378
26 ,