Download Study guide test 1 Biology Core

Study guide test 1 Biology (Core)
Chapter 1
1.1 Properties of life
a. Reproduction, Growth and development, Energy use, order, cellular, response to environment, evolution
b. Definition and example of homeostasis
1.2 Levels of life
a. Levels of organization-biosphere, Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community, Population, Organisms, Organ
systems, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules, Atoms
1.3 Scientific method
a. Scientific Method
a. Discovery Science
b. Hypothesis driven Science
b. Definition and example of
a. Observations, data, hypothesis, experiment, control group, experimental group, independent and
dependent variables, theory
1.4 Cells as unit of life
a. Characteristics and comparison of prokaryote and eukaryotic cells
b. What is function of DNA
1.5 Organisms interact
a. Dynamics of ecosystems- energy flows, and chemicals recycle (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle)
1.6 Organisms are organized into groups (taxonomy)
a. Know the eight levels of organization used in taxonomy (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
species)
b. Know examples of organism which belong to each
c. Domain Archaea Archeabacteria- Methanosarcina mazei
d. Domain Bacteria, (Escherichia coli (E. coli)
e. Domain Eukarya
1. Kingdom Protista- Paramecium, Amoeba
2. Kingdom Fungi, Mushrooms, mold, yeast
3. Kingdom Plantae Plants- trees, grass, flowers
4. Kingdom Animalia- Sponge, worm, insects, fish, mammals1.7 Evolution as unifying theme
a. Charles Darwin- Origin of species
b. Definition of evolution
a. Species alive today descended from ancestral species (Descent with modification)
c. Natural selection-mechanism by which evolution occurs
1. Examples Darwin observed Finches, Iguanas
2. Natural selection is not random
3. Reproductive fitness
d. Artificial selection
a. Examples different breeds of dogs and horses
1.8 Evolution in everyday life
a. Bacteria which are resistant to the antibiotic penicillin’
2.1 Overview of molecules and atoms
a. Structure of Matter
b. Definition of element and examples of elements found in organisms
c. Chemical equations are balanced
a. Definition of reactants and products
d. Definition of compound and example of compounds important to living organisms
2.2 Matter
a. Periodic chart, chemical symbols: O, C, H, N- most abundant, less but still essential Ca, Na, P, K ,S Cl, Mg
b. Know definition and examples of atom, atomic number, atomic mass, subatomic particles
c. All matter consists of chemical elements
2.3 Atom composition
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Subatomic particles
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Structure of atom
Isotopes
ions
2.4 Chemical bonds Know definition and examples (NaCl)
a. Ionic bonds
1. Know definition and examples (NaCl)
b. Covalent bonds
c. Polar covalent bonds
d. Hydrogen bonds
2.5 The structure and properties of water
1.
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6.
Polar
Good solvent
High specific heat- bodies of water moderate temperatures in ecosystems
Cohesive properties produces high surface tension
Ice is less dense that liquid water
High heat of vaporization – evaporative cooling
2.6 pH
1.
2.
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Definition- measurement of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
pH is the concentration of H+ ions in an aqueous solution
an acid is a chemical that when dissolved in water release H+ ions (HCl)
a base is a chemical that when dissolved in water release OH - ions (NaOH)
pH scale is logarithmic scale- log 10 goes from 1-14
pH= 7 is neutral, lower numbers are acidic ( more H+ ions) and higher numbers are alkaline less H+ ions
Buffers regulate pH change in an organism
Carbon dioxide absorbed into bodies of water (lakes, oceans) make them more acidic ( it forms carbonic acid)
ecosystems- CO2 levels in the atmosphere have increased
Increased CO2 levels in oceans causes acidification of oceans [CO2 + H2O H2CO2 (carbonic acid)]
2.7 Carbon
1.
2.
3.
Organic molecules contain carbon
Carbon is unique because if forms different shapes ( linear, branched and ring)
Four classes of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)
2.8 Polymers
1.
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Macromolecules are polymers (large)- contain repeated units of monomers (small )
Hydrolysis – breakdown of polymers by water to monomer
Protein amino acids; complex carbohydrate(starch)monosaccharide (glucose);triglyceridesglycerol and
fatty acids; nucleic acid (DNA) nucleotides (A,T,G,C)
4.
Polymers are built through dehydration (synthesis) reactions
2.9 Carbohydrates
1.
2.
3.
Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
a. Glucose, fructose
Disaccharide (simple sugar)
a. Sucrose
b. Lactose
c. Maltose
Polysaccharide (complex carbohydrate)
a. Plant- starch, cellulose
b. Animal- glycogen
2.10 Lipids
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3.
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Lipids include, oils, fats, steroid hormones, waxes, phospholipids
Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and fatty acids
Phospholipids are important form major part of plasma membrane
Cholesterol is important because it forms steroid hormones- sex hormones
Saturated fatty acids contain no C-C double bonds, unsaturated have at least one C=C double bond
2.11 Dietary Fats
1.
too much saturated fats, trans-fats, and cholesterol puts humans at risk for heart disease
2.12 Proteins
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Proteins are polymers of amino acids
Proteins fold into specific shapes
Functions of proteins include transport, structural, movement, defense, and enzymes
2.13 Enzymes
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3.
Are organic catalyst with specific shapes and functions
Lactase breaks down lactose
There are inhibitors of enzymes