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Transcript 
Molecular biology
(KBC/MBIOG)
Ivo Frébort
Alberts et al. (2008) Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed.
Garland Science, New York
• 2. DNA and Chromosomes
Chromosomes in cells
Demonstration that DNA is the genetic material (1940)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
DNA double helix – Watson and Crick (1953)
Complemetary base pairing in DNA
DNA double helix (B-form)
From genes to proteins
Semiconservative replication of DNA
Cell nucleus
Human chromosomes (karyotype)
each labeled with different dye
Banding pattern of human chromosomes (Giemsa stain)
Centromere
rRNA genes
The genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Related species can have very different chromosome number
The organization of genes on human chromosome 22
Nucleotide sequence content of the human genome
Conserved gene order between human and mouse
Evolutionary divergence of species
Evolutionary history of human chromosome 3
Eucaryotic cell cycle (simplified)
Three basic chromosomal sequences required for the cell cycle
Nucleosomes
Structural organization of nucleosome core
Assembly of histone octamer
Zigzag structure of nucleosome string
Chromatin remodeling
Role of histones in chromatin remodeling
Covalent modification of histone tails
Structural example of covalent modification
Covalent modification of histone tails - Histone 3, Lys4
Covalent modification of histone tails – function
Covalent modification of histone tails – how it works
Covalent modification of histone tails – part IV
Heterochromatin in centromeres – H3 variant CENP-A
The structure of human centromere
The plasticity of human centromere formation
1/2000 population
Kinetochore binding to centromeres
Nucleosome assembly during replication
Heterochromatin and euchromatin
Telomeres
Preservation of chromosome structure during replication
Heterochromatin and euchromatin – position effects
Genetics and epigenetics
Mitotic chromosomes the most condensed chromatin
(10 x shorter than in interphase)
Condensins – DNA packing enzymes
Different levels of
chromatin packaging
Lampbrush interphase chromosomes
Salamander (expression, RNA splicing)
Gene expression
Polytene chromosomes in Drosophila larvae salivary gland cell
10 replications without cell division
210 = 1024 x
Polytene chromosome packaging – bands, interbands and puffs
Banding pattern of chromosome 1
Giemsa stain
0.15 g Azure A
0.30 g Methylene Blue
0.36 g Eosin Y
0.04 g Phloxine B
60 ml Glycerine
40 ml Methanol
Light – GC rich – „house-keeping“ genes
Dark – AT rich
RNA synthesis in puffs
Transcription of Balbiani ring gene
Model for the structure of an interphase chromosome
Organization of chromosomes in the nucleus
RabI orientation during anaphase (rare)
Positioning of interphase chromosomes
Positioning of interphase chromosomes
Positioning of interphase chromosomes
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