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B2 TOPIC 1 Keyword THE COMPONENTS OF LIFE Definition Cells The basic units of life in which many chemical reactions needed to sustain life take place. Relatively rigid structure that surrounds plant and bacterial cells which supports the cell and helps keep its shape. Thin layer which forms a semi-permeable barrier around the cytoplasm of the cell and controls movement of substances into and out of the cell. The liquid gel which makes up most of the cell and is where many chemical reactions take place. Tiny structures within the cell that carry out specific jobs e.g. mitochondria. Contains DNA for making new cells and controls the reactions in the cell. The chemical that makes up genes and chromosomes; the instructions for a cell’s growth and activities. The site of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down using oxygen and energy is released so that reactions can happen in the cell. Small structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made. Cell walls are made up of tough cellulose which gives the cell support and its shape. Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus DNA Mitochondria Ribosome Cellulose Vacuole Chloroplast Chlorophyll Light microscope Electron microscope Chromosomal DNA Plasmid DNA Flagella Chromosomes Gene Bases Double helix Complementary base pairs Hydrogen bonds Genome Membrane-bound space in the cytoplasm of a plant cell filled with cell sap; helps support the plant by keeping the cells rigid. Organelle in plant cells that contains chlorophyll and is where photosynthesis takes place. Green substance found in chloroplasts that absorbs energy from sunlight. Instrument which magnifies a specimen using light and lenses. Instrument which magnifies specimens using a beam of electrons. The DNA which makes up most of the chromosomes of a cell. A circle of extra DNA found only in bacterial cells. Whip-like structure found on the outside of some bacterial cells and other cells which can be moved for movement. Thread-like structures found in the nucleus of a cell which carries genetic information. A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. The chemicals that link together at regular intervals the two strands of a molecule of DNA. They are called adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. The spiral structure of a DNA molecule produced by two strands held together by complimentary base pairs. The bases always pair up in the same way because of the matching shapes of the molecules. A to T and G to C. Weak bonds that hold together the base pairs in DNA. All the genetic information (DNA) of an organism as a list of the Human genome project Genetic engineering Genetically modified organisms Golden rice Beta-carotene Herbicide Biodiversity Mitosis Meiosis Diploid Haploid Growth DNA replication Daughter cells Parent cell Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Gametes Fertilisation Zygote Embryo Alleles Clones Enucleated Implanted Uterus Surrogate mother Stem cell order of all the base pairs. A project to sequence all of the base pairs of the human genome carried out by many scientists from many different countries working together. The process of removing a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA in a cell from another organism. An organism that has had its genome changed by inserting a gene from another organism. Genetically engineered rice which produces beta-carotene in the rice grains turning them into a golden colour. Substance in the human diet from which the body makes Vitamin A. Chemical which kills plants, usually used on weeds. The variety of species living within a given area. Division of a parent cell that produces two genetically identical diploid cells. Division of a parent cell that produces two genetically different haploid cells. A cell that has two sets of chromosomes. In humans almost all cells except egg and sperm are diploid. Having one set of chromosomes as in gametes. Increase in size, length and mass as well as increase in cell number. When the chromosomes are copied before cell division occurs Cell produced by division of a parent cell. The cell that divides to produce daughter cells. The formation of a new individual without fertilisation using the process of mitosis to create offspring identical to its parent. The formation of a new individual from the fertilisation of a female by a male gamete; the individual is genetically different from its parents. Sex cell produced in males and females by meiosis. When two gametes fuse. A fertilised egg cell. The ball of cells produced by cell division of the zygote. Early stage of development of a new individual. Every gene has an alternative form e.g. eye colour may have a blue type or brown type eye colour. An individual created by a form of asexual reproduction to produce offspring that is genetically identical to the parent. A cell that has had its nucleus removed. In reproduction, placing an embryo into the uterus of a female animal to allow development. Womb where embryo is implanted for development. A female who is not related to the embryo that is implanted in her uterus to develop. An unspecialised cell that can divide to produce more stem cells or Embryonic stem cell Adult stem cell Differentiated Genetic code Amino acid Protein synthesis Transcription mRNA Uracil Base triplet (codon) tRNA Polypeptide Mutation Enzyme Catalyst Digestion Substrate Active site Denature “Lock and key” hypothesis different kinds of specialised cells. A cell from an early stage of division of an embryo that can differentiate and produce almost any type of specialised cell. A stem cell found in differentiated tissue that can produce few kinds of differentiated cells. Cells that become specialised into a specific cell e.g. nerve cell. The code produced by a specific sequence of bases in DNA. A small molecule that is the building block of proteins. The building up of a protein molecule by joining together amino acids. When a strand of mRNA is produced by complimentary base pairing with one strand on the DNA molecule. The molecule formed during transcription that carries the code from the chromosome to the ribosome. A base only found in RNA which replaces the thymine in DNA. A group of three base pairs that codes for a specific amino acid. A small RNA molecule that transfers the correct amino acid to the ribosome during translation so that the correct protein can be synthesised. A chain of amino acids that will form part of a protein. A change in the base sequence of DNA often as a result of exposure to radiation. A protein molecule made by living cells that speeds up the rate of a reaction. A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being used up in the reaction. The breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small soluble molecules. The substance that is changed by an enzyme in a chemical reaction. The site on an enzyme molecule that has a special shape that holds the substrate molecule during the reaction. The breakdown or change in shape of enzymes due to excess heat. An idea that describes the relationship of a substrate and the active site of an enzyme to help explain how enzymes work. B2 TOPIC 2 Keyword ORGANISMS AND ENERGY Definition Respiration A series of reactions occurring in all living cells in which glucose is broken down to release energy. Respiration that needs oxygen. A simple sugar that is broken down in cells to release energy during respiration. It is also made during photosynthesis. Tiny blood vessels with thin walls to allow diffusion of substances into and out of the blood. The random movement and spreading of particles. When there is a concentration gradient there is a net diffusion of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. A situation when a solute is in a gradually increasing concentration Aerobic respiration Glucose Capillaries Diffusion Concentration gradient Gas exchange Anaerobic respiration Stroke volume Cardiac output Lactic acid EPOC Photosynthesis Starch Stomata (plural) Stoma (singular) Surface area to volume ratio Limiting factors Root hair cells Osmosis Partially permeable membrane Active transport Xylem Phloem Transpiration Environment Biodiversity Ecosystem Habitat Distribution from one region to another. A process in the lungs in which oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the lungs. Respiration that does not need oxygen. The volume of blood the heart can pump out with each beat. The volume of blood the heart can pump out in one minute, calculated by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume. The waste product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Period of time after exercise in which a greater than usual amount of oxygen is needed by the body which includes the removal of lactic acid. This used to be called oxygen debt. A series of enzyme-catalysed reactions carried out in the green parts of plants. Carbon dioxide and water combine to form glucose in the presence of light energy from sunlight. A carbohydrate made by joining together thousands of glucose molecules. Pores on the underside surface of a leaf, which when open, allows gases to diffuse into and out of a leaf. The total amount of surface area of an object divided by its volume. A single factor that when in short supply can limit the rate of a process such as photosynthesis. Cells found near the tips of roots that have thin extensions that look like hairs and gives the cells a large surface area. Water enters these cells by osmosis. The diffusion of water from a region of high concentration of water molecules to a region of low concentration of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane. A thin sheet of material that will allow certain substances like small molecules to pass through e.g. water but not others that are too large. Movement of molecules into a cell using energy made in respiration. Movement is against a concentration gradient e.g. plant root cells take in salts from the soil in this way. Tissue made of dead hollow cells that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant. Living tissue that transports sugars around a plant. The evaporation of water vapour from the surface of a plant. An organisms surroundings, made up of many different factors such as air, water, soil and other living organisms. The variety of species present within a given area. An area in which all the living organisms and all the non-living physical features in the area form a stable relationship that needs input from outside the area to remain stable. The place where an organism usually lives. The places in which a certain organism can be found within an Systematic sampling area. The numbers of individuals of a species in a given area. Looking at a small portion of an area or population. A method of sampling where the locations are selected randomly. A sample that has approximately the same characteristics as those of the whole study area. A simple device used to collect small invertebrates. A net use to collect insects from long grass or the canopy of a tree by sweeping it through the grass or leaves. A net used to collect aquatic organisms from ponds, rivers and streams. A trap used to catch small animals that move on the ground. The animals are unable to escape. A square frame of known area which is placed on the ground to get a sample of the organisms living in a small area. Looking at a small portion of an area or population. B2 TOPIC 3 Keyword COMMON SYSTEMS Definition Fossil The preserved traces or remains of an organism which lived a very long time ago. The collection of fossils identified from different periods of time that can be interpreted to form a hypothesis about the evolution of life on earth. The development of new species over time through a process of natural selection. Five fingered. Increase in size, length and mass as well as increase in cell number. A numeric value that indicates a certain percentage of observations e.g. the 2oth percentile of a set of data indicates that 20% of the data points are the same or lower. Getting longer. A group of specialised cells that all carry out the same function. Population size Sampling Random sampling Representative sample Pooter Sweep net Pond net Pitfall traps Quadrat Fossil record Evolution Pentadactyl Growth Percentile Elongation Tissue Plasma Red blood cells Haemoglobin White blood cells Antibodies Platelets Organ Deoxygenated Oxygenated The liquid component of blood that carries all the suspended cells and dissolved substances. Biconcave discs containing haemoglobin that gives blood its red colour and carries oxygen around the body to the tissues. A red pigment containing iron found in red blood cells which carries the oxygen. Several different types of cells that form part of the bodies defence system against disease. Proteins that bind to the micro-organism that causes diseases and destroys them. Call fragments that are important in the clotting mechanism of the blood. A group of different tissues working together to carry out a particular function. Without oxygen. With oxygen. Septum Vena cava Right atrium Valves Right ventricle Pulmonary artery Left atrium Left ventricle Pulmonary vein Aorta Blood vessels Arteries Veins Organ systems Circulatory system Digestion Digestive system Alimentary canal Bolus Saliva Oesophagus Peristalsis Stomach Small intestine Villi Pancreas Large intestine Faeces A thin membrane that separates the two sides of the heart. A major vein leading to the heart. One of the four chambers of the heart that receives blood from the vena cava. Flaps of tissue in the heart that stop the blood from flowing backwards. One of the four chambers of the heart that receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery. Arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. One of the four chambers of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary vein. One of the four chambers of the heart that receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta. Veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. A major artery leading away from the heart and carrying oxygenated blood. Tubes that contain the blood as it flows around the body. Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart. Vessels that transport blood back to the heart. A group of organs working together to carry out a particular function in the body. Organ system involving the heart and blood vessels which oxygenates blood and moves it around the body. The breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small soluble food molecules. The system of organs that brings about digestion of food in the body. The muscular tube that runs from the mouth to the anus including the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. A ball-shaped mass of chewed food. Lubricates food and makes it easier to swallow. Also contains amylase which begins carbohydrate digestion. Muscular tube between the mouth and the stomach. The waves of muscular contractions that move food along the alimentary canal. Organ that produces acid and some enzymes for digestion. Organ where digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. Finger-like folds of the lining of the small intestine which greatly increases the surface area for the absorption and diffusion of digested food products into the blood. Organ that makes digestive enzymes and secretes them into the first part of the small intestine. Organ that absorbs water from digested material. Undigested, waste material. Anus Liver Bile Gall bladder Carbohydrate Protein Fat Sugars Carbohydrase Amylase Proteases Amino acids Pepsin Lipases Fatty acids Glycerol Emulsify Probiotics Functional foods Lactobacillus Bifidobacteria Plant stanol esters Cholesterol Prebiotics Oligosaccharides Where undigested food is passed out of the body. Organ that has a range of functions including secretion of bile. An alkaline substance made by the gall bladder that helps in fat digestion. An organ that stores bile that is made in the liver and releases it into the small intestine via the bile duct. Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and used for energy. A polymer made up of amino acids. Chemicals that are used to store energy in organisms. A group of compounds formed from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of carbohydrates. An example of a carbohydrase enzyme which breaks down starch to simple sugars. Enzymes which digest proteins into amino acids. Small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. An example of a protease enzyme found in the stomach. Enzymes that digest fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Part of the structure of a fat or oil. Part of the structure of a fat or oil. Turn into an emulsion, a mixture in which particles of one liquid are suspended in another liquid. Foods containing live bacteria that produce lactic acid in the gut and may improve the health of your digestive system. Foods which are not eaten for nutritional value but which claim to make you healthier. Example of probiotic bacteria. Example of probiotic bacteria. Oily substances found in plants that appear to lower blood cholesterol levels in people. A fat which is made in the liver and carried around the body in the blood. High levels are associated with increased risk of heart disease. Substances that cannot be digested by human digestive systems but which acts as food for probiotic bacteria in the intestine. A type of carbohydrate which is a common prebiotic.