* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Explosion of the Internet of Things: What does it mean for wireless
Survey
Document related concepts
IEEE 802.1aq wikipedia , lookup
Deep packet inspection wikipedia , lookup
Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA) wikipedia , lookup
Wake-on-LAN wikipedia , lookup
Computer network wikipedia , lookup
Wireless USB wikipedia , lookup
Airborne Networking wikipedia , lookup
Network tap wikipedia , lookup
Power over Ethernet wikipedia , lookup
Policies promoting wireless broadband in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Wireless security wikipedia , lookup
Cracking of wireless networks wikipedia , lookup
Piggybacking (Internet access) wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Explosion of the Internet of Things: What does it mean for wireless devices? 王德弘 Max Wang Application Engineer ATeam Scientific Agenda ‒ IoT/M2M Introduction and Market Situation ‒ IoT/M2M Key Enabling Wireless Technologies – Keysight solution 2 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC What is the Internet of Things (IoT)? Connecting billions of devices to the internet © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 3 IoT Market Predictions 50B devices will be connected by 2020 Cisco >30B Connected devices by 2020 - ABI Research 95.5B connected devices by 2025 - HIS Technology 4 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC Wireless Connectivity for the Internet of Things Smart Home - Security & alarm - Light control - HVAC control - Remote control - Door control - Energy efficiency - Entertainment - Appliances Wearables - Health monitor - Fitness trackers - Smart watch - Smart glasses - Smart bands - E-textiles - Hearing-aid Smart City - Traffic management - Water distribution - Waste management - Security - Lighting - Environmental monitoring - Infrastructure - Parking sensor Industry Automation - Smart machine - Surveillance camera - Factory automation - Asset tracking - Logistics and optimization of supply chain Smart Energy - Generation & trading - Transmission - Distribution & metering - Storage - Services Connected Car • V2V / V2X /V2I communications • eCall • Infotainment •Traffic control • Navigation • Autonomous vehicles •Maintenance Wireless Connectivity A single wireless technology can not accommodate the diverse need of IoT markets 5 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC Internet of Things Value Chain “Things” with Sensors/Actuators Industrial gateway Industrial Long range connectivity ex. LTE “Data Center” Big Data Analytic Intelligent Computing Server Cluster Home Wearables Short range connectivity ex. ZigBee Consumer gateway Cable/fibre Internet (service provider) Business Applications ex. Billing, CRM Short range connectivity ex. Bluetooth Storage Long range connectivity ex. LTE Networking, Security Memory Device Layer Connectivity Layer I/O Data Center & App Layer 6 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC IoT Key Enabling Wireless Technologies Heterogeneous Mix of Technologies • • • • • • • • • Bluetooth LE ZigBee Thread (6LoWPAN) Z-Wave ANT+ WirelessHART ISA100.11a (6loWPAN) EnOcean Plus more Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Short range (10 – 100 meter) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) • • • Red text – emerging IoT technologies 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 802.11af (white space) 802.11ah & 802.11p Wireless Neighborhood Area Network (WNAN) Short/Medium range (100 Medium range 1000 meter) (~ 5 - 10 km) • Wi-SUN (6LoWPAN) • ZigBee-NAN (6LoWPAN) Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Long range (up to 100 km) Note 1: No stringent definition of what is considered WPAN, WLAN, WWAN. Note 2: What is shown is not a complete list of radio formats © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC • Cellular • 2G/3G/4G • LTE-MTC • 5G in the future • Low Power Wide Area (LPWAN) • SIGFOX • LoRa • Telensa • PTC • Plus more 7 IoT Key Enabling Wireless Technologies Heterogeneous Mix of Technologies • • • • • • • • • Bluetooth LE ZigBee Thread (6LoWPAN) Z-Wave ANT+ WirelessHART ISA100.11a (6loWPAN) EnOcean Plus more Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Short range (10 – 100 meter) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) • • • Red text – emerging IoT technologies 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 802.11af (white space) 802.11ah & 802.11p Wireless Neighborhood Area Network (WNAN) Short/Medium range (100 Medium range 1000 meter) (~ 5 - 10 km) • Wi-SUN (6LoWPAN) • ZigBee-NAN (6LoWPAN) Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Long range (up to 100 km) Note 1: No stringent definition of what is considered WPAN, WLAN, WWAN. Note 2: What is shown is not a complete list of radio formats © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC • Cellular • 2G/3G/4G • LTE-MTC • 5G in the future • Low Power Wide Area (LPWAN) • SIGFOX • LoRa • Telensa • PTC • Plus more 8 Wireless Standards WLAN IEEE 802.11 ISA100.11a IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.11 WirelessHART IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee Thread PHY IEEE 802.15.4 MAC IEEE 802.15.4 Transport IEEE 802.15.4 Network Bluetooth/Bluetooth Low Energy Application Layer IEEE 802 defines standards, does not define a certification process or test plans, that is done by the individual standards/working groups © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 9 Bluetooth® Standard Evolution 1999 2003 2007 2009 •Introduction of EDR •EDR Up to 2.1 Mbps V1.2 •Faster connection/ discovery •Use AFH •Up to 721 kbps 2010 2013 V4.1 V3.0 + HS V2.0 + EDR V1.0 •Many problems •Difficult making products interoperable 2004 •Coexist with 4G •Smart connectivity •Data transfer improvement •Alternate MAC/PHY •Unicast connectionless data •Enhanced power control •HS up to 24 Mbps V4.0 V2.1 + EDR •SSP, EIR •power consumption optimization 2014 V4.2 •For IoT (Support IPv6/6LoWPAN) •High privacy •Data throughput increase (10x packet capacity increase) •Adoption of Bluetooth LE •LE up to 260 kbps •Including classic, LE and HS For dual-mode: LE + Legacy BT Two New Trademarks for Certified BT Devices For single-mode: LE only Leverage Wear Device and Handheld Experience to IoT. © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 10 IoT Enabling Technologies Bluetooth LE Why LE is Faster and Lower Energy? Faster Lower energy Fewer advertising channels • Reduce the time to scan over advertising channels • 1.4ms totally for scanning and discovery , 17 times faster than classic • No need to maintain link • Shorter duty cycle (10% of BR/EDR) All “fasters” contribute to saving power • Faster connection/discovery • No need to maintain link • Shorter duty cycle (10% of BR/EDR) Simplicity • Simplified protocol ensures 6ms to send data (50 times faster than classic) • all information about the connection is contained in one single compact packet, no need to negotiate again after the link established •Optimization on acknowledgement scheme to reduce duty cycle •Shortened packet overhead Lower maximum power • +10 dBm (+20 dBm at BR/EDR) Lower cost Simplicity Lower peak power •Ppeak ≤ (Pavg + 3 dB) Dual mode: add-on feature for classic Bluetooth ® LE Test Packet Format Changes in 4.2 Maximum payload length extended from 37 to 255 octets LE Test packet format in Core 4.2 (8 bits) LE Test packet format in Core 4.1 (6 bits) © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC Bluetooth Low Energy Vs. Classic ® Technical Specification Bluetooth Low Energy Classic Bluetooth (BR/EDR/HS) Radio frequency 2400 – 2483.5 MHz 2400 – 2483.5 MHz Modulation Technique Frequency Hopping Frequency Hopping Modulation Scheme/Index GFSK / 0.5 GFSK / (0.28- 0.35) Number of Channels 40 79 Channel spacing 2 MHz 1 MHz Range ~10 - 100m ~10 - 100m Over the air data rate 1 Mbps 1/2/3 Mbps Nodes/Active Slaves Unlimited ( 10-20 is practical #) 128 bit AES and application layer user defined 7 56 bit E0 (classic)/128 bit AES (AMP) and applications layer user defined Relaxed to save power and enable higher mod. index Adaptive fast frequency hopping, FEC, fast ACK Security Robustness Latency (from a non-connected state) Network Topology < 3 ms 100 ms Star-bus (no mesh) Piconet (with Scatternet) Power consumption 0.01 to 0.5W(use case dependent) 1 W as the reference © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 13 IEEE 802.15.4 Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LoWPAN) • Important standard for home networking, industrial control and building automation • Deals with low data rate, long battery life (months or even years) and very low complexity – • • Data rates of 250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps Specifies PHY and MAC layers for LoWPAN networks – Upper Layer Stack Ex. ZigBee, THREAD, WirelessHART, ISA100.11a IEEE 802.15.4 MAC IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 GHz PHY Upper layers for WPAN are not developed by IEEE 802.15 working group – Standards or working groups, such as ZigBee Alliance, implement upper layers to enable multi-vendor interoperable solutions 14 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC IoT Key Enabling Technologies ZigBee Low power, low data rate, mesh network • Conceived in 1998, first standardized in 2003 and revised multiple times, latest in 2012 (ZigBee PRO) • Based on IEEE 802.15.4 physical and MAC layers operating in sub-GHz and 2.4GHz frequency bands • Upper Layer Stack IEEE 802.15.4 MAC IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY Transmission distances range from 10 to 100 meters - depending on power output and environmental characteristics IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 GHz PHY Target Applications: Experience on Smart Home Applications 15 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC ZigBee Applications 16 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC ZigBee Standards ZigBee RF4CE (LoWPAN) Application Standard Network ZigBee Remote Control ZigBee Input Device ZigBee PRO (LoWPAN) ZigBee Building Automation ZigBee ZigBee Home ZigBee Light ZigBee Retail ZigBee Smart Services Energy 1.x Healthcare Automation Link ZigBee RF4CE ZigBee PRO ZigBee IP IPv6 based (6LoWPAN) ZigBee Telecom Services ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0 ZigBee IP MAC IEEE 802.15.4-MAC IEEE 802.15.4 MAC PHY IEEE 802.15.4 – 2003 Sub-GHz bands (region specific) 2.4 GHz (worldwide) IEEE 802.15.4 2006 2.4 GHz RF4CE (Radio Frequency for Consumer Electronics) New ZigBee Standard Being Drafted: • ZigBee Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) – used for smart utility • ZigBee 3.0 - unification of ZigBee wireless standards into a single standard • Based on IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and PHY at 2.4 GHz frequency and • Based on ZigBee PRO networking • Currently undergoing testing – expected to be ratified in Q4, 2015 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 17 IoT Key Enabling Technologies THREAD • • • Thread Group launched in July 2014 Thread is backed by industry-leading companies including Nest Labs (Google Purchased), ARM, Big Ass Fans, Freescale, Samsung, Silicon Labs and Yale Security Main competitor to ZigBee for home automation – • Collection of existing IEEE and IETF standards: – • Appliances, access control, climate control, lighting, energy management etc.. IEEE 802.15.4-2006 PHY/MAC operating in 2.4 GHz Requires only software update to run on existing IEEE 802.15.4 based silicon such as 2.4 GHz version of ZigBee Thread Protocol Stack Ref:www.threadgroup.org 18 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC Thread Features • • • POWERFUL TECHNOLOGY DESIGNED FOR THE HOME: design special for Home. Open standard & IPv6 6LoWPAN technology. Based on a robust mesh network with no single point of failure. SIMPLE, SECURE, SCALABLE: scale 250+ device in single network. BATTERY FRIENDLY DESIGN: allow years of operation even on a single AA battery. © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC IoT for Home Automation Technology Tradeoffs for Home Automation Application Pros: Pros: Pros: Pros: • Low energy • Available on mobile devices (Already • Well established standards • Available on mobile devices • Good range • IPv6 based • Low energy • Well established standards • Mesh network • Good range • • • • Cons: Cons: Cons: • Star network • Not low energy – new standard coming in 2016 (802.11ah) • Not IP based for home automation supported on IOS and Android) • IPv6 based Cons: • Star network • Short range • New technology – not well established compared to ZigBee (ZigBee IP for Smart Energy 2.0 is IP based) • Not available on mobile phones/ tablets Low energy Mesh network Good range IPv6 based • Not well established compared to ZigBee • Not available on mobile phones/ tablets 20 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC IoT Key Enabling Technologies Wireless Industrial Automation WirelessHART HART= Highway Addressable Remote Transducer ISA-100.11a ISA= International Society of Automation – Wired HART is a global technology today • – WirelessHART enables industrial wireless sensor network communications based on wired HART principle ISA100.11a used for non-critical monitoring, alerting and control applications • • PHY/MAC: IEEE 802.15.4-2006 2.4 GHz – PHY/MAC: IEEE 802.15.4-2006 2.4GHz Data Link Layer (DLL): optimized for collision- free and deterministic communications – Data Link Layer (DLL): optimized for collision- free and deterministic communications: – Frequency hopping, time slotted (variable length) – Collision avoidance – uses “clear channel assessment”(CCA) also known as “listen before talk” (LBT) • Frequency hopping, time slotted (10 ms) • TDMA features Optional collision avoidance - “clear channel assessment”(CCA) also known as “listen before talk” (LBT) • Network Layer: based on 6LoWPAN – Network Layer: Not IP based. Needs gateway to connect to the internet © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 21 IoT Key Enabling Wireless Technologies Heterogeneous Mix of Technologies • • • • • • • • • Bluetooth LE ZigBee Thread (6LoWPAN) Z-Wave ANT+ WirelessHART ISA100.11a (6loWPAN) EnOcean Plus more Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Short range (10 – 100 meter) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) • • • Red text – emerging IoT technologies 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 802.11af (white space) 802.11ah & 802.11p Wireless Neighborhood Area Network (WNAN) Short/Medium range (100 Medium range 1000 meter) (~ 5 - 10 km) • Wi-SUN (6LoWPAN) • ZigBee-NAN (6LoWPAN) Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Long range (up to 100 km) Note 1: No stringent definition of what is considered WPAN, WLAN, WWAN. Note 2: What is shown is not a complete list of radio formats © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC • Cellular • 2G/3G/4G • LTE-MTC • 5G in the future • Low Power Wide Area (LPWAN) • SIGFOX • LoRa • Telensa • PTC • Plus more 22 IEEE 802.11 Standards Evolution WLAN IEEE 802.11 802.111997 2 Mbps, DSSS, FHSS 802.11b 11 Mbps, CCK, DSSS 802.11a 54 Mbps, OFDM, 5 GHz 802.11n 600 Mbps with 4x4 MIMO, 20/40 MHz BW, 2.4 or 5 GHz 802.11g 54 Mbps, OFDM, 2.4 GHz Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) 802.11p 27 Mbps, 10 MHz BW, 5.9 GHz Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE/DSRC) 802.11ah Up to 4 MHz (16 MHz optional) BW Below 1 GHz 802.11af TVWS TV White Spaces Low power, low rate, long range applications 802.11ac Very High Throughput, <6 GHz 802.11ad Very High Throughput, 60 GHz DSRC = Dedicated Short-Range Communications © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 23 IoT Enabling Technologies IEEE 802.11ah – Middle 2016 • • IEEE Task Group 802.11ah is chartered to define an OFDM PHY operating in the license-exempt bands below 1 GHz, Target markets wireless connectivity for the Internet of things – License-exempt bands below 1 GHz – Narrower bandwidth: 1/2/4/8/16MHz – PHY layer & modulation scheme: based on 802.11ac – Transmission range up to 1 km – Data rates > 100 kbit/s – Low power consumption required for battery operated devices Target use cases 11a/g/n/ac AP – Large scale low power sensor networks and smart meter – Video surveillance, wearable consumer electronics – Backhaul for aggregated sensor and meter data – Outdoor Wi-Fi for cellular traffic offloading 11ah AP Indoor 24 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC IEEE 802.11ah Global Channelization Ref: IEEE 802.11ah draft standard © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 2 5 IoT Enabling Technologies IEEE 802.11ah Bandwidth and Data Rates 11ah Bandwidth Modes Mandatory & Globally Interoperable modes optimized for sensor networking Optional higher data rate modes for extended range WLAN 1 MHz Extended range 150kbps – 4Mbps 2 MHz 650kbps – 7.8Mbps 4 MHz 1.35Mbps – 18Mbps 8 MHz 2.9Mbps – 39Mbps 16 MHz 5.8Mbps – 78Mbps High data rates Minimum 11n/ac bandwidth 20 MHz 6.5Mbps – 78Mbps 26 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 802.11ah Use Case1: Indoor Low Power Sensors • Extended range ‒ Reach garage, backyard, basement, attic ‒ 1 MHz and 2 MHz mandatory modes • Battery operated sensors ‒ No power amplifiers • Ultra-low power consumption • Optimized for small packet size • Multi-year battery life • Long sleep time • Burst traffic • IP connectivity © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 802.11ah Use Case2: Backhaul Sensors and Meter Data • Backhaul aggregation of Smart Grid Meter data • Backhaul aggregation of Industrial Sensor data © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 802.11ah Use Case3: Extended Range Wi-Fi • Extended range Wi-Fi hotspots • Extended range for cellular traffic offloading © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC The PHY Difference Between 802.11ac and 802.11ah Source: Draft Amendment Proposed by 802.11 TGah Working Group Feature 802.11ac 802.11ah Channel bandwidth 20/40/80/160MHz 1/2/4/8/16MHz FFT size 64/128/256/512 32/64/128/256/512 Data subcarriers / 52/108/234/468 24/52/108/234/468 Pilot Sub-carriers 4/6/8/16 2/4/6/8/16 Pilot Type Fixed pilot Fixed pilot or Traveling pilot* Subcarrier spacing 312.5KHz 31.25KHz OFDM symbol duration 4.0/3.6us 40/36us Guard interval 0.4/0.8/1.6us 4/8/16us Preamble duration 16us 320us(1M BW)/160us Modulation types BPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64QAM/256QAM BPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64QAM/256QAM Coding rates 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 1/2 rep2, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 MCS 0-9 MCS0-9, 10 Transmission Mode VHT mode, non-HT duplicate Mode Normal Mode S1G, 1 MHz Duplicate Mode, 2 MHz Duplicate Mode Duplicated PPDU Non-HT PPDU S1G_DUP_1M, S1G_DUP_2M MIMO Up to 8 Up to 4 Multi-user Up to 4 Up to 4, only available in S1G_LONG PPDU Beamforming Support Support © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC IoT Key Enabling Technologies • • • • IEEE 802.11p Adds a vehicular communication system to IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard -> Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Supports low latency, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicleto-Infrastructure (V2X) communication – Vehicle broadcasts its position and velocity and receives broadcasts of neighboring road users – Uses channels of 10MHz bandwidth in the 5.9GHz band (5.850-5.925 GHz) – Developed based on 802.11a but targets for reliable connection Main uses: – Vehicle safety services – Commerce transactions via cars – Toll collection – Traffic management USA, Europe, China, Japan, Korean and Singapore are working towards hard/soft mandate or MOU for dedicated short range communication (DSRC) installation. © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 31 IoT Enabling Technologies IEEE 802.11p • Frequency: 5.9 GHz (5.85-5.925 GHz) • 1 control and 6 service channels with 10MHz bandwidth • 802.11p vs. 802.11a : Targets the reliable connection rather than higher data rates Physical parameters comparison between 802.11a and 802.11p standards Parameters 802.11a 802.11p Bit Rate (Mbps) 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 27 Modulation Type BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM Code Rate 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 # of Subcarriers 52 52 Symbol duration 4 µs 8 µs Guard Time 0.8 µs 1.6 µs FFT period 3.2 µs 6.4 µs Preamble duration 16 µs 32 µs Subcarrier Spacing 312.5 kHz 156.25 kHz © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 32 802.11p Power Classification Class A-D And RF Transmitter Test Requirement - SEM 802.11p Class A-D power classification Power class Class A Max. output (dBm) 0 Class B Class C Class D 10 20 28.8 802.11p SEM for 10M signal BW For power Class A-D power 802.11p 10 MHz SEM definition Source: IEEE Std 802.11 TM- 2012 © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC IoT Key Enabling Wireless Technologies Heterogeneous Mix of Technologies • • • • • • • • • Bluetooth LE ZigBee Thread (6LoWPAN) Z-Wave ANT+ WirelessHART ISA100.11a (6loWPAN) EnOcean Plus more Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Short range (10 – 100 meter) Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) • • • Red text – emerging IoT technologies 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 802.11af (white space) 802.11ah & 802.11p Wireless Neighborhood Area Network (WNAN) Short/Medium range (100 Medium range 1000 meter) (~ 5 - 10 km) • Wi-SUN (6LoWPAN) • ZigBee-NAN (6LoWPAN) Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Long range (up to 100 km) Note 1: No stringent definition of what is considered WPAN, WLAN, WWAN. Note 2: What is shown is not a complete list of radio formats © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC • Cellular • 2G/3G/4G • LTE-MTC • 5G in the future • Low Power Wide Area (LPWAN) • SIGFOX • LoRa • Telensa • PTC • Plus more 34 Smart Energy Systems Overview Wi-SUN (Wireless Smart Utility Network) Field-Area Network Generation Wi-SUN Substation Transmission Distribution Data Concentrator Neighborhood Area Network Smart Meter Home © 2015 ATEAM SCIENTIFIC 35