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1
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Geography Activity
The Emergence of Civilization
ANTHROPOLOGY AND GEOLOGY
According to tradition, in 1911 a butterfly collector was chasing a butterfly in rural
Tanganyika (now Tanzania) when he nearly fell over the edge of a 300-foot cliff. The cliff
turned out to be the edge of Olduvai Gorge. Scholars such as Mary and Louis Leakey,
Donald Johanson, and Maurice Taieb later made many discoveries there about the evolution of humans. Most of the fossils at Olduvai Gorge have been found near the junction
of the Main Gorge and the Side Gorge. The large map shows a view of the two gorges.
The insert at the top shows a detailed view of the junction of the gorges. The insert at the
bottom shows Olduvai Gorge in relation to surrounding geological features in northern
Tanzania. Study the map below, and answer the questions that follow.
Olduvai Gorge
Mai
Side
n Gorge
Gorge
e
th
g
Sec
F
lt
e
t
F
if
au
lain
ti P
ge
en
er Lake
S
Ndutu
en
rg
Olduvai
Gorge
Lemagrut
Rift Escarp
m
Main G
o
ond F
ault
Junction
e G
or
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Sid
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Lake Natron
Ngorongoro Crater
Easter
Laetoli
Lake
Manyaru
V
y
le
al
Lake
Eyasi
nR
ift
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Chapter 1, Geography Activity, continued
1. In what plain does Olduvai Gorge lie?
2. Where is Laetoli in relation to Olduvai Gorge?
3. How might the earthquake faults around Olduvai Gorge affect fossil discoveries?
4. How might Lemagrut, an extinct volcano, have affected the development of fossil
beds at Olduvai Gorge?
Critical Thinking: Place
Anthropologists believe that Olduvai Gorge provides rare opportunities to learn more
about human development. How does the information on the map support this belief?
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2
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The First Civilizations
THE END OF AN ISLAND CIVILIZATION
Crete rose to the center of the thriving Minoan civilization due in large part to geographic factors. Crete’s position as a large island with many island neighbors made it a natural shipping center. So did its location between Europe and the great civilizations of Asia
Minor. The people of Crete built a massive shipping fleet to handle trade between the two
areas.
Crete’s fertile soil and mild climate made it self-sufficient in food production. Its population turned to developing crafts, trading goods, and administering the powerful
Minoan civilization.
Despite all these advantages, Crete and the Minoans lost their power suddenly. For
centuries, historians wondered why. Only recently have archaeological and geological
finds in the Aegean and Mediterranean seas offered a possible explanation. It now
appears that Crete was badly damaged as a result of volcanic activity on Thera (now
called Santorini), an island in the Aegean Sea.
Archaeological evidence showed that sometime between 1500 and 1400 B.C., many
towns in Crete were destroyed. Geologists found a thick layer of volcanic ash buried deep
in the sediment below the Aegean and Mediterranean seas. This layer was estimated to
have been there since about 1450 B.C. Finally, the remains of a Minoan town were found
on Thera. The town had been destroyed by a volcano and buried under volcanic ash.
Further study showed that one of the most powerful volcanic eruptions ever known
had occurred on Thera about 1450 B.C. The force of the volcano had literally blown the
top off the island. It sent rock and ash 20 miles into the atmosphere. The eruption
opened a huge crater 6 miles wide and 2,500 feet deep.
Thera was transformed from one island into five. Sea water rushed in to fill the crater.
This massive displacement of water created huge tidal waves that raced toward the north
shore of Crete. The waves also washed the shores of all the islands of the Aegean and even
touched the Mediterranean coast. The ash and debris hitting the atmosphere moved eastsoutheast from Thera at speeds of 200 to 400 miles per hour. Volcanic dust blanketed a
wide area.
Crete and the Aegean
Mycenae
ASIA
MINOR
A
e
g
ea
n
GREECE
S
N
ea
Knossos
Mediterranean
Sea
Crete
1 inch = 130 miles (approx.)
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Chapter 2, Geography Activity, continued
Geologists theorize that the tidal waves destroyed the Cretan fleet and flooded the
land. Volcanic dust covered the eastern half of the island and destroyed crops. Such a
catastrophe must have weakened the entire Aegean area. It probably also left the Minoans
easy targets for attack. Study the map on page 3, and answer the questions that follow.
1. What physical features does Crete have that would have encouraged the building of a
large fleet of ships?
2. How far does Crete stretch from east to west?
3. How far is Crete from Thera? (Note that Thera is indicated by an arrow on the map.)
4. Why would the explosion on Thera have deposited more volcanic ash on Asia Minor
than on mainland Greece?
Critical Thinking: Human-Environment Interaction
How could the volcanic eruption on Thera have destroyed crops on Crete? What does
this suggest about the other environmental changes in the Aegean and Mediterranean
and their effects on human settlements?
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3
CHAPTER
Geography Activity
Ancient Indian Civilizations
INDIAN TRADE
Around 2500 B.C. a civilization began to develop around the Indus River in what is now
Pakistan and western India. In addition to the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa,
archaeologists have uncovered many other sites along the Indus River valley that were part
of the Harappan civilization. Ruins of ancient cities show that those ancient people built
drainage systems that ran into brick-lined sewers. Brick homes many stories high were
common. They also developed systems of writing and counting and dug canals to irrigate
their farms. The port of Lothal, for example, had an enclosed shipping dock that was more
than 700 feet long. There also was a sluice gate that made it possible to load ships at high
or low tide. At such ports, Harappans exported gold, copper, lapis lazuli, turquoise, timber,
ivory and cotton. Examine the map below and answer the questions that follow.
S
Regional Map of India
SLAVS
Gupta Empire
c. A.D. 400
Harappan Civilization
c. 1700 B.C.
Indo-European Migrations
Indo-Aryan Invasions
EUROPE
A S I A
Ca
sp
ian
N
Sea
HITTITES
ARYANS
W
E
S
Pla tea u of Tib et
BAC TRI A
G AH D H ARA
H
Harappa
IM
P U N J AB
Pe
rs
ia
Mohenjo Daro
n
Gu
In
du
s
Kalibangan
AL
AY
AS
Ajodhya
Ga
lf
ng
es
Pataliputra (Patna)
Nalanda
MAG AD H A
Lothal
INDIA
Arabian Peninsula
Ajanta
AND
Arabian
HRA
Ba y of
Se a
Ben g a l
AFRICA
0
0
750
750
1,500 Miles
1,500 Kilometers
INDIAN
Miller Cylindrical Projection
OCEAN
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Chapter 3, Geography Activity, continued
1. Trade occurred between the inhabitants of the cities of Harappan and MohenjoDaro. What were some of the items exchanged between occupants of these two cities
of the Harappan civilization?
2. Why do you think trade first developed in the southern region along the coast?
3. What type of economic activity do you think took place in the city of Lothal, and
why?
4. Why do you think trade developed around the three areas of India that are either
river basins or coastline? What is it about being close to water that would encourage
that?
Critical Thinking: Economic Independence
How did the exporting of valuable metals and goods add to the quality of life for people
who traded with the Harappans?
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4
CHAPTER
Geography Activity
Ancient Chinese Civilization
POLITICAL TURMOIL IN CHINA
By the early 400s B.C., many Chinese leaders had lost confidence in diplomacy as a
means of resolving disputes. Several states emerged as leading powers. They battled each
other for dominance. By the end of the Era of Warring States, the Qin state had triumphed over the others. Examine the map below, and answer the questions that follow.
The Warring States
XIONGNU TRIBES
Lingyuan
YAN
Hunyuan
ng
)
Tangshan
l
Ye
lo
w
WEI
WEI
ua
(H
ZHAO
QI
HAN
Ta o
Feicheng
WEI
Luoyang
Changan
Meixian
Lifan
Handan
Changzhi
QIN
HAN
STATES OF
SONG, LU, TENG,
AND ZHOU
ZHOU
Xinzheng
Ye l l ow
Sea
Han
Huai
SHU
Shouxian
CHU
Jiangling
n
Ya
g
zi
Tai Lake
Chongqing
BA
Changde
Tonglushan
Poyang
Lake
YUE TRIBES
ng
Xia
n
DIAN TRIBES
Yu a
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Jialing
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Guangze
East
China
Sea
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Chapter 4, Geography Activity, continued
1. Which state controlled the most territory?
2. Which states had direct access to the Yellow Sea?
3. Which state controlled the cities of Lingyuan and Tangshan?
4. Which state held land in three separate areas?
Critical Thinking: Location
In the struggle to gain control of greater territory, how did the Qin state have geographical advantage over the Han and Wei states?
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5
CHAPTER
Geography Activity
The Greek City-States
GREEK ALLIANCES
In the years following the Persian Wars, many Greek city-states banded together for
mutual protection. Two main alliances developed: the Delian League and the Spartan
confederacy. Increasingly, Athens gained control over the Delian League until the
alliance was essentially an Athenian empire. Study the map below and answer the
questions that follow.
Athenian Empire, 440 B.C.
Athens and allies
Sparta and allies
non-allied regions
Byzantium
T H R A C E
Aegospotami
MACEDONIA
Hellespont
CHALCIDICE
A
ITALY
P
E
R
S
I
A
N
e
g
e
a
I
o
n
i
EUBOEA
P
I
R
E
Chios
e
n
a
Thebes
Athens
S
Corinth
e a
ARCADIA
M
S
a
BOEOTIA
ACHAIA
E
Lesbos
n
THESSALY
Athe
nian
whe
sup
at fr
ply li
om
ne
Cen
tral
Asia
GA_CH05_HRW
Delos
Argos
Samos
Miletus
Halicarnassus
Sparta
Rhodes
M e
d i t
e r r a n e
a n
S e a
Crete
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Chapter 5, Geography Activity, continued
1. What regions were allied with Athens?
2. What regions were allied with Sparta?
3. Which alliance controlled the Mediterranean coastline near the Persian Gulf?
4. What did Athens import from Central Asia?
Critical Thinking: Movement
Why was control of the Hellespont and the eastern Mediterranean important to Athens?
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6
Geography Activity
Greece’s Golden and Hellenistic Ages
M
o
r
Ind
u
Riv
er
STOPPING ALEXANDER THE GREAT
During their long march eastward toward the Indus River, Alexander the Great and his
army met and overcame many enemies. The most difficult enemies to overcome, however,
seemed to come from nature itself. Perhaps the most difficult barrier was the Hindu Kush,
the mountain range whose name means “Killer of the Hindus.” These mountains are
located in what is now northeastern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwestern India.
In December of 328 B.C., the snow-covered Hindu Kush blocked Alexander’s path. He
had to wait until spring to lead his men single file through the narrow Khawak pass,
which was 11,650 feet high. The brave troops faced a winding climb and descent.
Nevertheless, the troops pushed on until they reached the Indus River a year later. There
they faced not only a large, well-equipped army, but also drenching monsoon rains.
Monsoons are seasonal winds that blow over the Indian Ocean and the land that surrounds it. They are created as a result of the difference in temperature over land and sea.
In the spring, the sun’s rays fall more directly on the earth. The land heats up and the air
over it becomes hot and dry. The ocean does not warm as quickly, so the air above it
remains cooler and more moist. The warm, dry air rises high above the land, creating low
atmospheric pressure. The difference in pressure created by the rising air pulls the cooler,
moist air from the southwest, creating monsoon winds. These winds bring torrential
rains with them. The summer rainy season lasts from mid-June to mid-September.
In the fall, the land begins to cool more quickly than the sea, and the reverse situation
occurs. Now the cool air over the land rushes out to replace the rising warm air over the
sea. This brings on the winter dry season.
Alexander must not have known about such harsh climate conditions, because he
started his attack as the monsoon rains began. His men fought on, creating bridges of
boats to cross swollen rivers.
Although Alexander’s forces were
India and the Monsoons
victorious, they had had enough.
N
ush
The unending rains had destroyed
u K
nd
i
their weapons and food, and forced
H
them to live in constantly wet uniforms. Just as Alexander’s forces
s
reached the point where India lay
before them for the taking, they
INDIA
refused to go on. The monsoons and
the mutiny ended Alexander’s eastns
oo
s
n
ward march, and he began the long
journey home. Study the map and
s
on
answer the questions that follow.
so
n
Mo
SW
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NE
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Indian
Ocean
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Chapter 6, Geography Activity, continued
1. From what direction did Alexander attempt to invade India?
2. What geographical feature complicated Alexander’s assault on India?
3. How did climate affect Alexander’s assault on India?
4. Did Alexander’s army encounter the southwest monsoons or the northeast
monsoons?
Critical Thinking: Movement
Discuss how advance knowledge of the monsoons might have influenced Alexander’s
plans to invade India.
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7
CHAPTER
Geography Activity
The Roman World
ROME DURING THE REIGN OF AUGUSTUS
During his reign (31 B.C.–A.D. 14) Augustus worked to transform Rome. He established a police force and fire brigade and built and restored several aqueducts. He also
oversaw construction of many buildings throughout the city. In addition, he had the surfaces of many existing buildings overlaid with marble to improve their appearance and
make them more impressive. The map below shows Rome during Augustus’s reign. Study
the map, and answer the questions that follow.
The City of Rome
Aqu
i
a V
rg
Mausoleum of
Augustus
o
a
qu
A
a
qu
A
ia
l
Ju
Altar of
Augustan Peace
a
ci
ar
M
40
–1
44
(1
Horologium of Augustus
(solar clock)
.
B
C.
)
Pantheon of Agrippa
Baths of Agrippa
Portico of Pompey (52 B.C.)
Theater of Pompey
(55 B.C.)
Saepta Julia
(voting enclosure)
Temple of Juno Moneta
(4th century B.C.)
Tomb of Livia
(official record office)
(78 B.C.)
(3rd century B.C.
to 1st century B.C.)
Theater and Crypt
of Balbus
Amphitheater of
Statilius Taurus
branch of
Aqua Julia
Tabularium
Largo Argentina
(wife of Augustus)
Forum of Augustus
Forum of Julius Caesar
(46 B.C.)
Tomb of Octavia
(sister of Augustus)
Roman Forum
Theater of
Marcellus
Temple of
Jupiter Capitolinus
(6th century B.C., rebuilt 1st century B.C.)
Aqu
aA
lsie
Temple of Apollo
on the Palatine
tin
a
Circus Maximus
(mainly 2nd century B.C. and later)
T
ib
e
r
A
a
qu
Ap
pi
a
(a
qu
ed
uc
t
–m
ai
yu
nl
nde
)
und
rgro
(4th
cen
tur y
B.C
.)
major buildings:
pre-Augustan
Augustan
wall
Porticus Aemilia
aqueducts
(market warehouse)
(early 1st century B.C.)
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Chapter 7, Geography Activity, continued
1. Which temple was constructed during Augustus’s reign?
2. What building is located southwest of the city walls?
3. Which of the buildings inside the city walls were constructed during Augustus’s
reign?
4. Which of the buildings outside the city walls were constructed before Augustus’s
reign?
Critical Thinking: Location
What reasons might Augustus have had for constructing more public buildings outside
the city walls than inside the city walls?
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8
Geography Activity
Africa
THE SPREAD OF IRONWORKING
Geographical isolation, climate differences, and geographic diversity were three critical
factors in shaping the cultures of the vast continent of Africa. In East Africa, settlers
spread down the Rift Valley from Ethiopia. Of further importance, trans-Saharan trade
increased after 100 B.C. with the introduction of the domestic camel from Asia. These
developments aided the spread of iron tools and weapons, which had been introduced by
the Greeks and Carthaginians in the 700s and 600s B.C. Study the map below and answer
the questions that follow.
Ironworking in Africa
Atlantic
Utica
Carthage
Mogador
Ocean
Mediterranean
Sea
Cyrene Naucratis
Leptis
Saïs
Magna B.C.
Memphis
0
50
Thebes
4
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(500 B.C.)
3000 B.C.
Nuri
Gao
0
200
Jenné
B.C.
Napata
Meroe
.
B.C
Daima
00
5
Nok
1
Taruga
Adulis
Aksum
Jebel Moya
C.
B.
Ife
150
0
(440 B.C.)
500
Atwetwebooso
C.
B.
Igbo Ukwu
Urewe
Indian
Katuruka
(400s B.C.)
Funa River
(270 B.C.)
Kwale
early ironworking site
Ocean
Sanga
Kalambo
00
D. 5
A.
major Iron Age site
spread of iron
limits of cattle domestication
Lubusi
Kamnama
Kapwirimbe
Nkope
A.D. 1
Ziwa
Kalundu
Gokomere
Malapati Zimbabwe
Mabueni
000
Phalaborwa
Castle
Cavern
Blackburn
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Chapter 8, Geography Activity, continued
1. In which areas in Africa was iron technology first introduced?
2. In which direction did iron technology spread?
3. What accompanied the introduction of ironworking?
4. Which powerful kingdom was also an early ironworking site?
Critical Thinking: Movement
Based on the map, how do you think ironworking technology spread?
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9
Geography Activity
The Americas
THE MAYA EMPIRE
The Yucatán Peninsula was home to the Maya. The Maya people built elaborate cities
throughout their territory. These cities contained temples, ball courts, sacrificial wells,
and astronomical observatories. Study the map below and answer the questions that
follow.
Maya Cities in the Yucatán
marshy zones
Dzibilchaltún
0–660 feet
Chichén Itzá
660–6600 feet
Cobá
Mayapán
over 6600 feet
Tulum
Uxmal
archaeological sites
1 inch = 80 miles (approx.)
Edzná
Gulf of Mexico
Río Bec
Calakmul
Holmul
Palenque
Tikal
Piedras Negras
Caribbean
Tonina
Motul de San José
Yaxchilán
Sea
Seibal
Copán
Pacific
Kaminaljuyú
Ocean
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Chapter 9, Geography Activity, continued
1. Which Maya settlement would have been most threatened by hurricanes?
2. Which Maya site is the farthest west?
3. About how far was Chichén Itzá from Uxmal?
4. Which cities were located in marshy zones?
Critical Thinking: Place
How did altitude influence the establishment of Maya cities?
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