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Section
SECTION
1
1
Standards-Based Instruction
Prepare to Read
Standards at a Glance
Students have read about the political
reforms made under President Jackson.
Now they will focus on the efforts by
reformers to solve social problems.
Section Focus Question
How did key people bring about
reform in education and society?
Before you begin the lesson for the day,
write the Section Focus Question on the
board. (Lesson focus: They were inspired by
religious ideas and Jacksonian democracy to
push for reforms in lifestyle, human rights, and
education.)
Improving Society
H-SS 8.6.5 Trace the development
of the American education system
from its earliest roots, including the
roles of religious and private schools
and Horace Mann’s campaign for
free public education and its assimilating role in American culture.
H-SS Framework Students also
should become familiar with the
work of Dorothea Dix and the significance of Charles Finney as the leader of the second Great Awakening,
inspiring religious zeal, moral commitment, and support for the abolitionist movement.
Reading Skill
Assess Evidence for a
Conclusion In reading history,
you’ll encounter many descriptive
details that help you draw conclusions about historical events.
Evaluate the details carefully
with questions such as these: Are
they accurate and from reliable
sources? Do the sources have
firsthand knowledge of the situations? What conclusions do the
details point to?
H-SS Analysis Skill RE&PV 4
Vocabulary Builder
High-Use Words
impulse, p. 289
convert, p. 289
Key Terms and People
social reform, p. 288
predestination, p. 289
Charles Finney, p. 289
revival, p. 289
temperance movement, p. 290
prohibition, p. 290
Dorothea Dix, p. 291
public school, p. 291
Horace Mann, p. 292
Prepare to Read
Build Background
Knowledge
L2
Tell students that in this section they will
learn about a spirit of reform that grew in
the early nineteenth century. Have students use the Think-Pair-Share strategy
(TE p. T39) to list things that people want
to reform or improve today. Ask students
to think about how these reforms address
today’s issues, and tell them that nineteenth-century reforms addressed issues of
that time.
Set a Purpose
■
Background Knowledge As you read in Chapter 6, the
presidency of Andrew Jackson was a time of expanding democracy
in the United States. This democratic spirit was one factor that
helped spark efforts to improve American society. In this section,
you will read about some of these efforts.
Main Idea
The Reforming Spirit
Political and religious ideas
inspired Americans to seek
ways to improve society.
In the 1830s, many Americans became interested in social reform,
or organized attempts to improve conditions of life. The effort to
create a better society had both political and religious roots.
Jacksonian Democracy The expansion of democracy in the
Age of Jackson encouraged reform. Most states dropped property
requirements for voting. As a result, more white American men were
able to vote than ever before. Political parties also developed a more
open way of choosing candidates for President.
In the spirit of Jacksonian democracy, some people worked to make
the political system even fairer. A number of reformers believed that all
men should vote and be able to hold office. Others supported greater
legal rights for women. Increasingly, reformers also spoke out strongly
against slavery. They argued that no society that allowed one human
being to own another could call itself democratic.
L2
Form students into pairs or groups of
four. Distribute the Reading Readiness
Guide. Ask students to fill in the first
two columns of the chart.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 46
■
Use the Numbered Heads strategy (TE
p. T38) to call on students to share one
piece of information they already know
and one piece of information they want
to know. The students will return to
these worksheets later.
288 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
Universal Access
L1 Less Proficient Readers
L1 Special Needs
Gaining Comprehension Suggest to stu-
dents that they use a ruler to help them
keep their place as they read, line to line,
down a page. Have students mark unfamiliar words or phrases (such as conditions
288 Chapter 8
of life on this page) with a sticky note, or jot
down questions that occur as they are
reading. Periodically provide assistance to
the students to clarify these issues.
ssah08.book Page 289 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
The Second Great Awakening Religious feelings and ideas
also sparked the reforming impulse. Beginning in the early 1800s, a
new generation of ministers challenged some traditional views. This
movement became known as the Second Great Awakening.
Changing religious ideas sparked the Second Great Awakening.
In colonial days, many American Protestants believed in
predestination, the idea that God decided the fate of a person’s soul
even before birth. But leaders of the Second Great Awakening
preached that people’s own actions determined their salvation. This
“doctrine of free will” blended easily with political ideas about
democracy and independence.
The most important of this new generation of preachers was
Charles Finney. Finney held the first of many religious revivals in
1826. A revival is a huge outdoor religious meeting. Before long,
Finney and other preachers were conducting revivals across the
nation. A single revival might go on for several days or even a week.
Ministers of different faiths preached day and night, trying to convert
sinners and urging people to reform their lives.
Finney believed that the emotion of a revival could touch even
the most hopeless sinner. “All sorts of abandoned characters are
awakened and converted,” he wrote. “The worst part of human
society is softened and reclaimed, and made to appear as a lovely
specimen of the beauty of holiness.”
Drinking alcohol is
a step toward hell.
Vocabulary Builder
impulse (IHM puhls) n. sudden
push or driving force
Teach
The Reforming Spirit
H-SS Framework
Instruction
■
L2
Vocabulary Builder
High-Use Words Before teaching this
section, preteach the high-use words
convert and impulse using the strategy
on p. 287.
Key Terms Following the instructions
on p. 7, have students create a See It–
Remember It chart for the Key Terms in
this chapter.
Vocabulary Builder
convert (kahn VERT) v. to change
from one political party, religion,
or way of life to another
■
Read The Reforming Spirit with students using the Structured Silent Reading strategy (TE p. T37).
■
Ask: What was the Second Great
Awakening, and who was Charles
Finney? (a widespread religious movement
based on the idea that people had free will
and could improve themselves; it sparked
change and reform. He was its most important leader.)
■
Ask students how the Second Great
Awakening fostered the spirit of reform
in this period. (It inspired people to
improve themselves and their society. It led
to the creation of utopian communities.)
Education is
a step toward
self-improvement.
Independent Practice
The Way to Salvation
This symbolic painting, The Way of
Good and Evil, shows two paths a
person can take. One path leads
to Hell, while the other leads to
Heaven. Critical Thinking:
Apply Information How does
this painting reflect the doctrine
of free will that was part of the
Second Great Awakening?
At this crossroad, a person
may choose to follow one
path or the other.
Industry, or hard
work, puts a person
on the right path.
Have students begin filling in the study
guide for this section.
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8, Section 1
(Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
As students fill in the Notetaking Study
Guide, circulate to make sure that individuals understand the roots of the reform
movement in this period. Provide assistance as needed.
Section 1 Improving Society 289
History Background
Inspiring Reform Charles Grandison
Finney, a brilliant preacher, was the first
person to allow women to pray aloud, a
practice banned in many Christian churches of the time. Finney also inspired Will-
iam Miller, who founded the Millerites.
This adventist group predicted that the
world would end in 1843 or 1844, and it
preached reform while there was still time.
Answer
Apply Information It shows that a person
has free will to choose between drinking
and going to Hell or temperance and going
to Heaven.
Chapter 8 Section 1 289
ssah08.book Page 290 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Social Reformers at
Work
Thus, the religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening encouraged reform. People came to believe that, if
they had the power to improve themselves, they could
improve society as well.
H-SS Framework
Instruction
L2
Utopian Communities The desire to create a more
■
Have students read Social Reformers at
Work. Remind them to look for details
that support the Main Idea.
■
Ask: What was the temperance movement and what problems did it hope to
solve? (an organized effort to end alcohol
abuse and the problems it created, such as
mistreatment of women and children by
husbands and fathers who drank too much)
perfect society spurred some reformers to found utopian
communities. (Utopia was a book about a fictional ideal
society.) Utopian reformers hoped their communities
would become models for others to follow.
Robert Owen founded a utopian community in
Indiana in 1825. He called this colony New Harmony. New
Harmony was based on common ownership of property.
Residents were to raise their own food and manufacture
their own goods. However, New Harmony turned out to
be anything but harmonious. Members argued among themselves
about goals and actions. The colony dissolved after about two years.
Indeed, most utopian communities did not last very long.
■
Discuss with students the goals and successes of Dorothea Dix. Ask: What did
Dorothea Dix try to reform, and what
did she achieve? (She worked to improve
conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill
and helped create many mental hospitals.)
Independent Practice
Have students continue filling in the study
guide for this section.
Preaching at a revival meeting
What was the goal of the Second Great Awakening?
Main Idea
Social Reformers at Work
Reformers worked to solve a
variety of social problems,
including alcohol abuse and
poor treatment of prisoners and
persons with mental illnesses.
Utopian reformers tried to create perfect, separate communities.
However, most reform-minded Americans chose to work within the
existing society. The reforming impulse took many forms.
The Temperance Movement Many reformers supported the
temperance movement, an organized effort to end alcohol abuse
and the problems created by it. Alcohol was widely used in the
United States. Whiskey was cheaper than milk or beer. Often, it was
safer to drink than water, which was frequently contaminated. As a
result, alcohol abuse reached epidemic proportions.
Many women were drawn to the temperance movement. They
pointed out how many women and children suffered at the hands of
husbands and fathers who drank too much. Such organizations as the
American Temperance Society published pamphlets denouncing
“strong drink.”
Most reformers favored temperance, or moderation in drinking.
But others called for prohibition, a total ban on the sale and
consumption of alcohol. During the 1850s, supporters of prohibition
got nine states to pass laws banning the sale of alcohol. The movement was interrupted by the Civil War but reemerged later.
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8, Section 1
(Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
As students fill in the Notetaking Study
Guide, circulate to make sure individuals
understand the goals of the reform movements. Provide assistance as needed.
Prison Reform Other reformers sought to improve the nation’s
prison system. Prisons had traditionally been harsh places, designed
to make people want to stay out of them. Poorly heated buildings,
inadequate food, and cramped conditions were typical. Many people
in prison were not criminals at all but were people who owed money
they could not pay back. Because debtors could seldom earn money
while in jail, they often remained locked up for years.
290 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
Universal Access
L3 Advanced Readers
American Utopias Have students
Answer
to encourage people to
reform their lives
290 Chapter 8
research more information about one of
the utopian communities of this era, such
as New Harmony or the Oneida Community, and write a paragraph about that
community. Be sure that students include
information about who founded the community, what its goals and principles were,
any special rules it had, how long it lasted,
and why it dissolved. Ask students to
share their findings with the class.
ssah08.book Page 291 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Reforming Prison Conditions
Chains and
cages used
on prisoners
The two drawings shown here are from
an 1858 magazine article about prison
conditions. Such sights led Dorothea Dix
(right) and other reformers to call for
more humane treatment of prisoners.
Critical Thinking: Frame
Questions Based on these
drawings, write two questions
that you would ask
Dorothea Dix to answer.
Dorothea Dix
Social reformers began investigating conditions in jails. Dorothea
Dix, a Massachusetts schoolteacher, was one of those who took up
the cause of prison reform. Over the years, she worked to convince
state legislatures to build new, more sanitary, and more humane
prisons. In addition, debtors were no longer sent to jail.
Reforms for the Mentally Ill Dix was outraged to find that
prisons were also used to house individuals with mental illnesses.
After a careful investigation, she reported to the Massachusetts
legislature on the horrifying conditions she had witnessed: “A
woman in a cage . . . [One man] losing the use of his limbs from want
of exercise . . . One man and one woman chained.”
Dix’s shocking report helped persuade the Massachusetts legislature to fund a new mental hospital. She then went on to travel around
the country. She urged city and state governments to create separate
institutions, called asylums, for those with mental illnesses. The new
asylums provided treatment, rather than punishment.
Seeing the Main Idea
Reforming Prison Conditions These
images can be used to illustrate the importance of the work of Dorothea Dix and
other prison reformers. Discuss with students what is happening in each picture.
Ask: Why do you think these images were
published? (to bring attention to the bad
treatment of prisoners) Ask: Why do you
think people were treated in this way at
this time? (Possible answers: Most people did
not care about people who had committed
crimes, few people at that time thought that the
public had a responsibility to the less fortunate
or to people who were being kept by the government, and no one really knew how they were
being treated.) Ask: Why do you think people like Dix decided this kind of treatment had to stop? (Possible answer: At this
time there was a spirit of reform based on ideas
in the Declaration of Independence, as well as
the Second Great Awakening, that made people
feel it was important to treat others well and to
improve society.)
Education Reform
H-SS 8.6.5
Instruction
■
Have students read Education Reform.
Remind them to look for causes and
effects.
■
Ask: Who was Horace Mann, and what
did he accomplish? (an education
reformer who helped Massachusetts improve
its public schools)
How did Dorothea Dix contribute to social reform?
Education Reform
Main Idea
Education was another area of concern to reformers. The first
American schools were set up for religious purposes. The Puritans of
Massachusetts believed that all people needed to be able to read and
understand the Bible. In 1642, they passed a law requiring all large
towns to hire teachers and build schools. In this way, Massachusetts
set up the first public schools, or free schools supported by taxes.
Gradually, states took steps to
improve education and make it
available to more people.
Need for Better Education By the early 1800s, Massachusetts
was still the only state to require public schools. In other states, children
from wealthy families were educated privately, whereas poor children
generally received no education outside the home. Under these
circumstances, many Americans could not read or write.
Section 1 Improving Society 291
History Background
Improvements in Mental Health
Care Dorothea Dix was nearly 40 when
she began teaching at a Boston-area jail.
She found that many inmates were mentally ill, not criminals. Inspired to improve
conditions for mentally ill people, she gave
a report based on her survey of every
prison in Massachusetts to the state legis-
lature in 1843. It led to an expansion of the
state mental hospital. In the next three
years, Dix traveled 30,000 miles around
the country inspecting prisons and reporting her findings. When she began, there
were 13 hospitals for the mentally ill in the
country. By 1880, there were 123, 32 of
which Dix helped found.
Answers
Frame Questions Possible answers: Why
did you start to try to reform this kind of
treatment? How do you think prisoners
should be treated?
She worked tirelessly visiting prisons and mental institutions and
reported to state legislatures about what
she saw, asking them to make reforms.
Chapter 8 Section 1 291
ssah08.book Page 292 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Instruction (continued)
■
In order to understand Horace Mann’s
achievements, have students complete
the worksheet Horace Mann. Then have
them discuss Mann’s legacy.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Horace Mann, p. 50
■
Discuss with students the status of education for African Americans at this
time. (Education was unavailable to many
African Americans. Southern states prohibited teaching enslaved people to read. In the
North, African American children were usually denied entry to the same schools white
children attended, but African Americans
were admitted to public schools in Massachusetts and attended some private colleges.)
Independent Practice
Have students complete the study guide
for this section.
Public Education
1852–1919 In the mid-1800s, Horace Mann
took steps to improve public education in Massachusetts. In 1852, that state became the first to
pass a law that required all children to attend
school up to a certain age. This was known as compulsory education. By 1919, every state in the
Union required children to attend school at least up
to the tenth grade.
Education Today Today, billions of dollars in
federal, state, and local taxes go to support public
education. But not everybody agrees on the best way
to educate American children.
For: Education in the news
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: myc-4081
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8, Section 1
(Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
■
■
As students complete the Notetaking
Study Guide, circulate and make sure
individuals understand the changes in
American education.
Tell students to fill in the last column of
the Reading Readiness Guide. Ask them
to evaluate whether what they learned
was what they expected to learn.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 46
■
Public school classroom, around 1920
To further assess student understanding, use the Progress Monitoring Transparencies.
The reforms of the Jacksonian Era increased the number of
eligible voters. Reformers grew concerned that the education system
was not keeping up with the political system. They argued that
education was necessary to ensure that voters were intelligently
informed. With immigration on the rise, reformers also pointed out
that better schools would help immigrants assimilate, or become part
of, American culture.
Mann and Public Education Horace Mann of Massachusetts
Assess Evidence for a
Conclusion
Read the quotation by
Horace Mann. Assess the credibility of this source in supporting
the following conclusion: Mann
believed that strong character,
moral behavior, and wide knowledge were equally important
qualities. List three examples
from the quotation that support
this conclusion.
Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 8, Section 1
took the lead in education reform. To Mann, public financing of
education was essential for democracy to work. He said:
do not prepare children to become good citizens; if
“weIf we
do not develop their capacities, if we do not enrich their
minds with knowledge . . . then our republic must go down
to destruction as others have gone before it.
”
—Horace Mann, quoted in A Century of Childhood (Heininger)
After becoming head of the state board of education in 1837, Mann
convinced Massachusetts to improve its public school system. It
created colleges to train teachers, raised the salaries of teachers, and
lengthened the school year.
292 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
Universal Access
L1 English Language Learners
L1 Less Proficient Readers
Vocabulary Development Have students
Answer
Reading Skill The source is credible, as Mann was the foremost education
reformer of the time. He wanted children
to be good citizens, develop their talents,
and be educated.
292 Chapter 8
make a list of the key terms and high-use
words. Then have them create flashcards
with the word on one side and its definition on the other. Pair students and have
them quiz each other on the definitions of
L1 Special Needs
the words using the flashcards. For
English Language Learners, have students
add pictures to go with the flashcards.
Check their understanding as they continue to read the section.
ssah08.book Page 293 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Other states soon followed Massachusetts’s example. By the
1850s, public schools had gained much acceptance in the Northeast.
Southern and western states lagged behind, however. They would
not create their own public school systems until many decades later.
Assess and Reteach
Assess Progress
Education for African Americans The improvements in
Have students complete Check Your
Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.
public education did little for African Americans. Southern states
prohibited teaching enslaved persons to read. In the North, free
black children were seldom admitted to the same schools as white
children.
Reformers who tried to improve educational opportunities for
African Americans often met with resistance. Prudence Crandall, a
Quaker teacher, opened a school for African American girls in
Connecticut. Hostile neighbors attacked and destroyed the school.
Still, some opportunities did open up. In major northern cities,
free African American educators opened their own schools. In 1855,
Massachusetts became the first state to admit African American
students to public schools. Some African Americans attended private
colleges such as Harvard and Oberlin. In 1854, Pennsylvania chartered Ashmun Institute (later called Lincoln University), the nation’s
first college for African American men.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Section Quiz, p. 58
Reteach
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8,
Section 1 (Adapted Version also available.)
Extend
Looking Back and Ahead Inspired by political or religious ideals, reformers tackled many social problems. But one issue
towered above all others in the minds of reformers. In the next section, you will read about the growing efforts to end slavery.
Progress Monitoring
Check Your Progress
H-SS: 8.6.5, Framework, RE&PV 4
Comprehension
and Critical Thinking
1. (a) Identify What were the
ideas of predestination and the
doctrine of free will?
(b) Draw Conclusions How
might the doctrine of free will
promote democracy?
2. (a) Recall Which reforms did
Horace Mann convince the state
of Massachusetts to make?
(b) Detect Points of View
According to Mann, why is it
important for a democracy to
have educated citizens?
Reading Skill
3. Assess Evidence for a
Conclusion Assess the quotation
that follows by Dorothea Dix. Is
the evidence reliable? Does it
support the conclusion that the
mentally ill were poorly treated?
Quotation: “[T]wo females . . . lie
in wooden bunks filled with
straw; always shut up. . . . The use
of cages [is] all but universal.”
Vocabulary Builder
Answer the following questions in
complete sentences that show your
understanding of the key terms.
For: Self-test with instant help
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mya-4081
4. What problem did the
temperance movement seek to
solve?
5. What was the goal of social
reform in the 1830s?
1 Check Your Progress
1. (a) predestination: belief that God
decides the fate of a person’s soul even
before birth; “doctrine of free will”: people’s actions determined their salvation
(b) Possible answer: If people believe
that salvation comes from their own
acts, they might pay more attention to
their duties to others.
2. (a) create teacher colleges, increase
teacher salaries, lengthen the school
year
L3
To extend the lesson, have students use the
Internet to look up additional nineteenthcentury reformers such as Mary Lyon,
Samuel Gridley Howe, Bronson Alcott,
and Lucy Stone and make a chart listing
them, the cause(s) in which each was
active, and their achievements. Have students share their work with the class. Provide students with the Web code below.
For: Help with this activity
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: Mye-0211
6. What is a religious revival?
Writing
7. A topic sentence sets the focus for
a single paragraph. A thesis statement expresses a broader idea to
be developed in an entire essay.
Write three topic sentences for
paragraphs that would support
and develop the following thesis
statement: A powerful reforming
spirit swept through this country
in the 1830s.
Section 1 Improving Society 293
Section
L1
If students need more instruction, have
them read this section in the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and
complete the accompanying question.
How did public education improve in the mid-1800s?
Section 1
L2
Writing Rubric
Score 1 Sentences are incomplete or inac-
curate.
Score 2 Sentences are too narrow, don’t
support thesis.
Score 3 Sentences are accurate, give
details.
Score 4 Sentences are accurate, supportive, and well-thought out.
(b) Educated citizens participate in gov-
ernment and keep democracy alive.
3. Dorothea Dix inspected places where
the mentally ill were kept, so what she
says is reliable. The details she gives do
support the conclusion.
4. The temperance movement tried to stop
alcohol abuse.
5. The goal of social reform in the 1830s
was to improve society.
Answer
Public school systems and
teacher colleges were established; African
Americans were admitted to some schools
and colleges.
6. A revival is a large religious meeting.
7. See rubric on the side column.
Chapter 8 Section 1 293
ssah08.book Page 294 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Going to School
Going to School
H-SS 8.6.5
Build Background
Knowledge
L2
Have students recall the education reforms
of Horace Mann. Ask: Why were reformers like Mann interested in expanding
public education? (They believed it would
make Americans better citizens.) Then, ask:
What do you think early public schools
were like? (Possible answer: Children of all
grades went to school in the same classroom.)
Instruction
Following the lead of Massachusetts, other
states in the North began to fund public
schools. Not all children were able to attend
school, and most of those who did only got as
far as the eighth grade. What were these early
American classrooms like?
Read Life at the Time with students. Ask
students to describe a one-room schoolhouse. (Children of all ages were taught
together. Most schools only went up to
eighth grade. Students studied from
McGuffey’s Eclectic Readers, wrote on
chalk slates, and recited lessons when their
teacher called on them.)
■
Ask: What was discipline like in early
classrooms? (Discipline was strict. Students were often punished or rewarded based
on how well they learned their lessons.) Ask:
How is this different from modern
schools? (Possible answers: Students today
do not have to wear dunce caps. Students
who misbehave today might get detention or
be sent to the principal’s office. Today, students’ work is graded.)
■
Encourage students to draw inferences
about the moral lessons in McGuffey’s
Eclectic Readers. Remind students of
Horace Mann’s reasons for promoting
education. Ask: Why do you think textbooks in the 1800s taught moral lessons
as well as the “three Rs”? Elicit that
learning about character and values, as
well as to read and write, was seen as an
important part of becoming a good citizen.
8.6.5 Trace the development of the
American education system from its
earliest roots, including the roles of
religious and private schools and
Horace Mann’s campaign for free
public education and its assimilating
role in American culture.
The Classroom
Schools in the early 1800s were not
like the large public buildings we know
today. In rural areas especially, many
children went to one-room schoolhouses,
where children of all ages were taught
together. Students wrote on chalk slates
and were expected to recite their lessons
when called upon by the teacher.
L2
■
History-Social Science
294 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
Universal Access
L1 English Language Learners
L1 Special Needs
Picturing a One-Room
Schoolhouse Have students work in
groups to list unique items that might be
found in a one-room schoolhouse, such as
a dunce cap or a McGuffey’s Eclectic Reader.
294 Chapter 8
Then have them make a poster showing a
class in a one-room schoolhouse. Have
them label the objects from their lists. Display the finished posters in the classroom.
ssah08.book Page 295 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Independent Practice
Explore an Early
American Classroom
Have students complete the History Interactive activity online.
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: myp-4081
For: Help in starting the History
Interactive
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: Myp-4081
Monitor Progress
Ask students to complete the Analyze Life
at the Time activity. Circulate to make sure
individuals understand nineteenth-century education.
A Popular Textbook
왖
In elementary schools, the most popular textbooks were McGuffey’s Eclectic Readers (Primer
through Sixth). First published in 1836, the Readers
offered moral lessons along with the “three Rs”–
‘reading, ‘riting, and ‘rithmetic. The lessons shown
above was used to teach children how to read and
how to treat pets.
Rewards and Punishments
왘
Discipline was strict in early classrooms. Students
who failed to learn their lessons might have to sit
in a corner wearing a “dunce cap“ (right). But
there were also rewards. Students might get
certificates for learning their lessons well,
for good behavior, or just for coming to school
on time (below).
왔
Analyze LIFE AT THE TIME
Look at the pages from McGuffey’s
Eclectic Primer shown at the top of
this page. Then, write a lesson for
the Primer about the importance
of going to school. Use simple
language that can be understood
by elementary school students.
Life at the Time 295
Writing Rubric
Score 1 Lesson is inappropriate or unre-
lated to the task.
Score 2 Lesson is sparse or confusing.
Score 3 Lesson is logical, shows understanding of task.
Score 4 Lesson is logical, creative, and
well-thought out.
History Background
A Modern One-Room Schoolhouse Most
one-room schoolhouses were replaced by
larger schools by the mid-twentieth century, but Granville Village School in Vermont
remains in use today. Since its founding in
1857, however, the school has undergone a
number of changes. Today, it goes only
through the fourth grade and has expand-
ed to two classes: one for first- and secondgraders and one for third- and fourthgraders. As in most modern schools, there
are computers in the classroom, and specialists teach subjects such as art. Despite
these modernizations, the Granville Village School is proud to continue its oneroom heritage.
Answer
Analyze LIFE AT THE TIME
Lessons will
vary but should be written in simple language and should show a clear understanding of the increasing value placed on
education in the mid-1800s.
Chapter 8 295
ssah08.book Page 296 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Section
SECTION
2
2
Standards-Based Instruction
Standards at a Glance
Students have studied how reformers
worked to end many problems in society. Now they will read how this reform
effort focused on ending slavery.
Section Focus Question
How did abolitionists try to end
slavery?
Before you begin the lesson for the day,
write the Section Focus Question on the
board. (Lesson focus: Abolitionists used many
different methods, including publishing books,
newspapers, and pamphlets; holding rallies;
and helping enslaved people escape. Former
slaves shared their experiences, and a colony for
free African Americans was started in Liberia.
Politicians spoke against slavery in Congress.)
Prepare to Read
Build Background
Knowledge
Set a Purpose
■
Prepare to Read
H-SS 8.9.1 Describe the leaders of
the movement (e.g., John Quincy
Adams and his proposed constitutional amendment, John Brown and
the armed resistance, Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad,
Benjamin Franklin, Theodore Weld,
William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick
Douglass).
H-SS 8.9.2 Discuss the abolition of
slavery in early state constitutions.
H-SS 8.9.3 Describe the significance
of the Northwest Ordinance in education and in the banning of slavery
in new states north of the Ohio
River.
Reading Skill
Form an Opinion Based on
Evidence You can use details
and evidence in primary and secondary sources to help you form
opinions about history. Remember that primary sources come
from people who saw or experienced events, whereas secondary
sources (such as this textbook)
build on many sources to recount
historical information.
Northern states began to
make it illegal after the Revolution. By the
end of 1804, every northern state had
ended or pledged to end slavery.
296 Chapter 8
via, p. 298
Key Terms and People
abolitionist, p. 297
William Lloyd Garrison, p. 297
Frederick Douglass, p. 298
Harriet Tubman, p. 298
Roots of the Antislavery Movement
Soon after the American
Revolution, northern states
began to do away with slavery.
A number of prominent leaders of the early republic, such as
Alexander Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin, opposed slavery. They
believed that slavery violated the most basic principle of the Declaration of Independence, “that all men are created equal.”
Vocabulary Builder
eliminate (ee LIHM ih nayt) v. to get
rid of
Slavery Ends in the North In 1780, Pennsylvania became the
first state to pass a law that gradually eliminated slavery. By 1804,
every northern state had ended or pledged to end slavery. Congress
also outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory. As a result, when
Ohio entered the Union in 1803, it became the first state to ban
slavery in its state constitution.
Colonization
Movement The American Colonization
Society, established in 1817, was an early antislavery organization.
This society proposed that slaves be freed gradually and transported
to Liberia, a colony founded in 1822 on the west coast of Africa.
The colonization movement did not work. Most enslaved people
had grown up in the United States and did not desire to leave. By
1830 only about 1,400 African Americans had migrated to Liberia.
Read each statement in the Reading
Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to
mark the statements true or false.
Answer
eliminate, p. 296
Main Idea
L2
Have students discuss the statements in
pairs or groups of four, then mark their
worksheets again. Use the Numbered
Heads strategy (TE p. T38) to call on
students to share their group’s perspectives. The students will return to these
worksheets later.
High-Use Words
H-SS Analysis Skill RE&PV 4
How did slavery end in the North?
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 47
■
Vocabulary Builder
Background Knowledge As early as colonial times,
some Americans had opposed slavery. Most Quakers, in particular,
condemned slavery on religious and moral grounds. In this section,
you will see how the reforming impulse of the 1800s spurred a vigorous new effort to end slavery.
L2
In this section, students will learn about
the struggles to end slavery in the mid1800s. Ask students to look at the images
in this section and think about what they
learned in Section 1 about the spirit of
reform. Discuss with students why slavery
was a target of reform in this period. Use
the Idea Wave strategy (TE p. T38) to elicit
student ideas.
The Fight Against Slavery
296 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
Universal Access
L1 Less Proficient Readers
L1 Special Needs
Comprehension Aid Before reading the
section, have students go through it and
write down each heading to create an outline. As they read, have them jot down
important words, concepts, or people they
want to remember or questions they may
have about the content under each heading. Check with students to see what questions they have. Encourage them to try to
answer them on their own before asking
for help from you.
ssah08.book Page 297 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Growing Opposition to Slavery
Main Idea
The Second Great Awakening inspired further opposition to
slavery. Many people were influenced by the preaching of Charles
Finney, who condemned slavery. By the mid-1800s, a small but
growing number of people were abolitionists, reformers who
wanted to abolish, or end, slavery. Rejecting gradual emancipation,
abolitionists called for a complete and immediate end to slavery.
A growing number of people in
the North began to call for an
end to slavery.
Garrison One of the most forceful voices for abolition was William
Lloyd Garrison. A Quaker, he strongly opposed the use of violence to
end slavery. Still, Garrison was more radical than many others, because
he favored full political rights for all African Americans.
In 1831, Garrison launched an abolitionist newspaper, the Liberator. It became the nation’s leading antislavery publication for
34 years, ending only when slavery itself ended.
Garrison cofounded the New England Anti-Slavery Society,
which later became the American Anti-Slavery Society. Leaders of
this group included Theodore Weld, a minister who had been a pupil
of Charles Finney. Weld brought the zeal of a religious revival to antislavery rallies. Other members included Sarah and Angelina Grimke,
daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder.
African
American
Teach
Roots of the Antislavery
Movement
Growing Opposition to
Slavery
H-SS 8.9.1, 8.9.2
Instruction
■
High-Use Words Before teaching this
section, preteach the high-use words
eliminate and via using the strategy on
p. 287.
Key Terms Have students continue to
fill in the See It–Remember It chart for
the Key Terms in this chapter.
Abolitionists Prominent
African
Americans in the North took a leading role in the abolitionist
movement. In 1829, David Walker published his Appeal: to the
Coloured Citizens of the World. This strongly worded pamphlet urged
enslaved people to rebel, if necessary, to gain their freedom.
■
Read Roots of the Antislavery Movement and Growing Opposition to Slavery using the Oral Cloze strategy (TE p.
T36).
■
Ask students how abolitionists tried to
end slavery. (Possible answers include:
They published books, newspapers, and
pamphlets; held rallies; and proposed a constitutional amendment that would ban slavery in any new state joining the Union.)
■
To help students better understand the
concept of abolition, which is important
to the understanding of this chapter, use
the Concept Lesson Abolition. Provide
students with copies of the Concept
Organizer.
■
Have students complete the worksheet
The Grimke Sisters. Have students discuss the different points of view about
slavery.
The Liberator
Let Southern oppressors tremble—let all the
“enemies
of the persecuted blacks tremble. . . . On
this subject, I do not wish to think, or to speak, or
write, with moderation. No! No! Tell a man
whose house is on fire to give a moderate
alarm . . . but urge me not to use moderation in a
cause like the present. I am in earnest—I will not
equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a
single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD.
William Lloyd
Garrison
William Lloyd
Garrison
”
—William Lloyd Garrison, the Liberator, January 1831
In the above excerpt from the first issue
of the Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison
vows to take a firm stand against slavery.
L2
Vocabulary Builder
(a) Detect Points of View What is Garrison’s
attitude toward slaveholders?
(b) Draw Conclusions What does Garrison
mean when he writes, “Tell a man
whose house is on fire to give a
moderate alarm”?
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Concept Lesson, p. 57; Concept Organizer, p. 6;
The Grimke Sisters, p. 52
Independent Practice
Have students begin filling in the study
guide for this section.
Section 2 The Fight Against Slavery 297
Monitor Progress
History Background
The Republic of Liberia Most freedmen
who settled in Liberia were agricultural
laborers who established their own farms.
They lived and dressed like Americans at
home. They also needed farm laborers to
work for them.
The system that developed was based
on the culture of the African peoples of the
region and was a type of indentured servi-
tude. By all appearances, the AmericoLiberians looked like southern plantation
owners, and their African farm laborers
looked like slaves. However, this was not
the case. Many Africans offered their own
or their children’s labor in exchange for
room and board. After working for a specified period of time, they were free to go
on their way.
As students fill in the Notetaking Study
Guide, circulate to make sure they understand the growing abolition movement.
Answers
Reading Primary Sources (a) He thinks
they are evil oppressors and enemies. (b)
Slavery is as awful a disaster as a person’s
house burning, so telling him to be patient
is impossible.
Chapter 8 Section 2 297
ssah08.book Page 298 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
The Underground
Railroad
Opposing Abolition
Perhaps the most powerful speaker for abolitionism was
Frederick Douglass. Born into slavery, Douglass had broken the law
by learning to read. He later escaped to freedom in the North.
Garrison and other abolitionists encouraged Douglass to describe his
experiences at antislavery rallies. Douglass told one crowd:
H-SS 8.9.1
Instruction
■
■
L2
With students, read The Underground
Railroad and Opposing Abolition.
Remind students to look for details that
support the Main Idea.
What is your opinion of
Frederick Douglass’s speech? Do
you think it was an effective statement against slavery? Use evidence to support your opinion.
Ask students how the Underground
Railroad worked. (Leaders called “conductors” led enslaved people trying to escape
from one “station” to the next.)
■
Discuss Harriet Tubman’s role in the
Underground Railroad. Ask: Why was
Harriet Tubman nicknamed the “Black
Moses”? (Possible answer: Like Moses in
the Bible, Harriet Tubman helped lead her
people out of slavery.)
■
Ask: How did supporters of slavery
fight abolition? (with violence, by claiming that slaves were better off than northern
factory workers, and by passing a “gag rule”
in Congress that prevented discussion of
antislavery petitions)
■
Form an Opinion Based
on Evidence
Discuss with students how reliance on
cotton in the North and South helped
keep slavery alive. (Possible answer: The
free labor from slavery helped both regions
make money from cotton.)
I appear this evening as a thief and a robber. I stole this
“head,
these limbs, this body from my master, and ran off
with them.”
—Frederick Douglass, speech, 1842
By appearing in public, Douglass risked being sent back into slavery.
Yet, he continued to speak before larger and larger audiences. He also
published his own antislavery newspaper, the North Star.
A Former President Takes a Stand Abolitionists won the
support of a few powerful people. Former President John Quincy
Adams, now a member of Congress, read antislavery petitions from
the floor of the House of Representatives. In 1839, Adams proposed
a constitutional amendment that would ban slavery in any new state
joining the Union. However, the amendment was not passed.
Two years later, Adams made a dramatic stand against slavery.
Captive Africans aboard the slave ship Amistad had rebelled, killing the
captain and ordering the crew to sail back to Africa. Instead, the crew
sailed the ship to America. The 73-year-old Adams spoke to the Supreme
Court for nine hours and helped the captives regain their freedom.
Antislavery medallion
What role did Frederick Douglass play in the
abolitionist movement?
Main Idea
The Underground Railroad
Some abolitionists secretly
worked to help African
Americans escape from slavery.
Some courageous abolitionists dedicated themselves to helping
people escape from slavery. They established a system known as the
Underground Railroad. Despite its name, it was neither underground nor
a railroad. It was a network of people—black and white, northerners and
southerners—who secretly helped slaves reach freedom.
Working for the Underground Railroad was illegal and
dangerous. “Conductors” led fugitive slaves from one “station” to
the next. Stations were usually the homes of abolitionists, but might
be churches or caves. Supporters helped by donating clothing, food,
and money to pay for passage on trains and boats. Many people
risked their lives to help runaway slaves. Levi Coffin, an Indiana
Quaker, assisted more than 3,000 fugitives.
Harriet Tubman, who had herself escaped from slavery, escorted
more than 300 people to freedom via the Underground Railroad.
Tubman, nicknamed the Black Moses, proudly told Frederick
Douglass that, in 19 trips to the South, she “never lost a single
passenger.” Slave owners promised a $40,000 reward for her capture.
Vocabulary Builder
via (VEE ah) prep. by way of
298 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
Universal Access
Answers
Reading Skill Answers will vary
but should be supported by details from
the quote.
He made public speeches
describing his experiences as a slave and
published the abolitionist newspaper The
North Star.
298 Chapter 8
L1 English Language Learners
L1 Special Needs
The Underground Railroad To help students understand the extent and activities
of the Underground Railroad, assign the
worksheet The Underground Railroad
after the class has read the section but
before you begin the class discussion.
Make sure students understand that the
routes went from south to north. Have
students add arrows pointing north to the
routes on the map to clarify. Ask students
to describe some of the routes in the
Underground Railroad for the class.
Teaching Resources, The
Underground Railroad, p. 54
ssah08.book Page 299 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Explore More Video
Discovery School Video To learn more about
the Underground Railroad, view the video.
Discovery School Video
The Underground Railroad This video
looks at the network of people who helped
enslaved African Americans escape to the
North—and freedom—in the years before
the Civil War. It explains the coded words
used by participants in the Underground
Railroad to hide their actions and highlights the activities of abolitionists Thomas
Garrett and Harriet Tubman, who had herself escaped from slavery.
As many as 50,000 African Americans escaped
from slavery in the South to freedom in the North
or in Canada via the Underground Railroad.
Critical Thinking: Identify Costs and Benefits
What were the risks of helping fugitive slaves
escape? Why do you think conductors on the
Underground Railroad chose to take those risks?
Independent Practice
Have students complete the study guide
for this section.
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8, Section 2
(Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
왔 This modern quilt honors Harriet Tubman, the most
famous conductor on the Underground Railroad.
This song contained
directions for escaping
slaves. The “drinking
gourd” is the Big Dipper.
As students complete their work on the
Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to
make sure individuals understand the
Underground Railroad and the forces
abolitionists had to fight.
■
Tell students to fill in the last column of
the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for
what they learned that confirms or
invalidates each statement.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 47
The homes of some conductors 왘
had secret rooms to hide runaway
slaves. In this room, the bed would
be moved to hide the hidden
doorway.
왘
■
“The riverbank makes a very good road.
The dead trees will show you the way.
Left foot, peg foot, traveling on,
If you follow the drinking gourd.”
Section 2 The Fight Against Slavery 299
Universal Access
L3 Advanced Readers
L3 Gifted and Talented
Harriet Tubman Have students visit the
library to locate a copy of the biography
Harriet Tubman: Guide to Freedom, by Ann
Petry. After reading, have students use
what they learned to make a timeline of
important events in Tubman’s life. Ask
them to share how she was influenced by
some of these key events.
Answer
Identify Costs and Benefits People helping slaves escape risked being arrested or
killed. They believed it was the right thing
to do.
Chapter 8 Section 2 299
ssah08.book Page 300 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Each year, hundreds of slaves moved along the Underground
Railroad to freedom in the North or in Canada. In total, perhaps as
many as 50,000 gained their freedom in this way.
Assess and Reteach
Assess Progress
L2
Have students complete Check Your
Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Section Quiz, p. 59
Reteach
How did the Underground Railroad work?
Main Idea
Opposing Abolition
Many people in both the North
and the South defended slavery.
Abolitionists faced powerful obstacles in the North as well as in
the South. Many northerners profited from the existence of slavery.
Northern textile mill owners and merchants relied on the cotton
produced by southern slave labor. Northern workers feared that
freed slaves might come north and take their jobs.
Such fears sometimes prompted violence against abolitionists.
Mobs attacked antislavery meetings. In 1835, William Lloyd Garrison
was dragged through the streets of Boston with a rope around his neck.
As you have read in Chapter 7, southerners had long defended
slavery as a positive force. Now, as support for abolition grew louder,
they went on the offensive. The state of Georgia offered a $5,000
reward for the arrest and conviction for libel of William Lloyd
Garrison. Southerners in Congress won passage of a “gag rule” that
blocked discussion of antislavery petitions. John Quincy Adams
unsuccessfully fought for repeal of the gag rule.
L1
If students need more instruction, have
them read this section in the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and
complete the accompanying question.
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8,
Section 2 (Adapted Version also available.)
Extend
L3
To extend the lesson, have students use the
Internet to research the antislavery movement. Then have students create antislavery posters based on the ideas and techniques of abolitionists. Provide students
with the Web code below.
For: Help in starting the activity
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: Mye-0212
Why did some northerners oppose abolition?
Looking Back and Ahead By the 1840s, the North and
the South were increasingly divided by the issue of slavery. Abolitionists succeeded in making converts in the North. Slavery was
spreading along with the cotton boom in the South.
Progress Monitoring
Section 2
Check Your Progress
H-SS: 8.9.1, 8.9.2, 8.9.3, RE&PV 4
Comprehension
and Critical Thinking
Writing Rubric
Score 1 Details are unrelated to topic,
paragraph is unorganized.
Score 2 Paragraph is brief, somewhat
lacking in clarity.
Score 3 Paragraph is organized, has supporting details.
Score 4 Paragraph draws logical, clear
conclusions, well-developed.
1. (a) List What solutions did the
American Colonization Society
propose to end slavery?
(b) Explain Problems Why did
most African Americans reject the
society’s goals?
2. (a) Identify Which groups in the
North were opposed to abolition?
Why?
(b) Identify Alternatives How
might the concerns of these
groups have been calmed?
Reading Skill
For: Self-test with instant help
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mya-4082
Vocabulary Builder
3. Form an Opinion Based on
4. Write two definitions for the key
Evidence Henry Brown mailed
term abolitionist. First, write a
formal definition for your teachhimself to freedom in a crate.
er. Second, write a definition in
What do you think was important
everyday English for a classmate.
to him? Use evidence quoted
from his own narrative to form
your opinion: “I was . . . placed on Writing
my head. . . . In this dreadful posi- 5. Choose three details from
tion, I remained the space of an
Section 2 that support the topic
hour and a half . . . my eyes were
sentence that follows. Then,
almost swollen out of their sockwrite a paragraph developing
ets, and the veins on my temples
the topic based on these details.
seemed ready to burst. I made no
Topic sentence: Abolitionists
noise, however, determining to
used a variety of tactics to
obtain ‘victory or death.’”
oppose slavery.
300 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
Section
2 Check Your Progress
1. (a) that enslaved people be gradually
Answers
“Engineers” led escaped
people to “stations” along the way to freedom.
They depended on cotton
produced by slave labor.
300 Chapter 8
freed and transported to Liberia
(b) Most of them were born in the Unit-
ed States and did not want to leave.
2. (a) mill owners who depended on cot-
ton produced with slave labor; workers
who feared that formerly enslaved people would compete for their jobs
(b) if the price of cotton stayed low, the
supply stayed high, and freed African
Americans did not compete for northern
workers’ jobs
3. It was vital to him that he get to a place
where he could be free.
4. formal: a reformer who wanted to abol-
ish, or end, slavery; informal: someone
who worked to end slavery
5. Answers will vary but should discuss
specific abolitionist actions.
ssah08.book Page 301 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
SECTION
3
Section
A Call for Women’s Rights
Standards-Based Instruction
Prepare to Read
H-SS 8.6.6 Examine the women’s suffrage
movement (e.g., biographies, writings, and
speeches of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Margaret Fuller, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony).
Reading Skill
State the Meaning of
Evidence One way to draw conclusions from source material is
to make a statement about the
meaning of the evidence. This
statement will be a conclusion
drawn from the details of the
evidence. Your statement should
use your own words, fit with all
the details, and make sense to
you.
H-SS Analysis Skill RE&PV 4
Standards at a Glance
Vocabulary Builder
Students have discussed how the abolitionist movement began. Now they will
read about the beginnings of the
women’s suffrage movement.
High-Use Words
exclude, p. 302
devote, p. 303
Key Terms and People
Sojourner Truth, p. 301
Section Focus Question
Lucretia Mott, p. 301
How did the women’s suffrage
movement begin?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
p. 302
women’s suffrage, p. 302
women’s rights movement,
p. 303
Susan B. Anthony, p. 303
Background Knowledge You have read how abolitionists fought to rid the country of slavery. In this section, you will see
how abolitionism helped spark another reform movement, which
was dedicated to rights for women.
Before you begin the lesson for the day,
write the Section Focus Question on the
board. (Lesson focus: When women became
involved in reform movements, limits on their
participation led some women to feel that they
needed to work for equal rights for themselves,
including the right to vote.)
Prepare to Read
Build Background
Knowledge
The Struggle Begins
Main Idea
In 1820, the rights of American women were limited. They could
not vote, serve on juries, attend college, or enter such professions as
medicine or law. Married women could not own property or keep
their own wages. Most Americans—both men and women—believed
that a woman’s place was in the private world of the home.
Women who were active in abolition or other social reform movements believed that they had important contributions to make to
American society. They began to demand rights as equal citizens.
Among these women was Sojourner Truth. Born into slavery in New
York state, she was illiterate, but her words inspired the crowds that
heard her. Truth became a powerful voice on behalf of both enslaved
African Americans and women.
Lucretia Mott, a Quaker, had spent years working in the antislavery movement. Quakers allowed women to take public roles
that other religions prohibited. Mott thus had organizing skills and
public speaking experience that most women of her day did not.
Women who were involved in
abolition and other reform
movements began to speak out
about the status of women.
Sojourner Truth
Set a Purpose
■
L2
Read each statement in the Reading
Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to
mark the statements true or false.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 48
301
History Background
Friends, also known as the Quakers
because of the way some members trembled during meetings, was a Protestant
sect that began in England in the mid1600s. The Friends believed in the “Inward
Light,” a direct, internal experience of God.
L2
Tell students that in this section they will
learn how the struggle for women’s rights
began. Remind students about the reform
movements they studied in Sections 1 and
2. Ask: How could the work of women
reformers cause them to desire more
rights? (Possible answer: Women working for
rights for others began to consider their own
lack of rights.) Use the Idea Wave strategy
(TE p. T38) to elicit student responses.
Why did some reformers turn to the issue of
women’s rights?
The Society of Friends The Society of
3
Because the “Inward Light” was immediately accessible to all people, women like
Lucretia Mott could become Quaker leaders. This egalitarian belief also led many
American Quakers to the forefront of the
abolition and women’s rights movements.
■
Have students discuss the statements in
pairs or groups of four, then mark their
worksheets again. Use the Numbered
Heads strategy (TE p. T38) to call on
students to share their group’s perspectives. The students will return to these
worksheets later.
Answer
Women were excluded from
active participation in other reform movements and saw their own need for equal
rights.
Chapter 8 Section 3 301
ssahtech08c06SW3_s.fm Page 302 Wednesday, March 9, 2005 12:52 PM
Teach
The Struggle Begins
Seneca Falls Convention
■
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention
marked the start of an organized
effort to win more rights for
American women.
In 1840, Mott traveled to London to attend an international antislavery convention. There, she met another abolitionist, Elizabeth
Cady Stanton. Stanton was honeymooning in London with her
husband, a delegate to the conference. But when Mott and Stanton
tried to attend a meeting, they were told that women were not
permitted to take an active role in the proceedings.
Mott and Stanton were infuriated at being excluded. Sitting
outside the convention hall, they agreed on the need for a convention
to advance women’s rights. They followed through on that idea in
the summer of 1848. Their convention met in Seneca Falls, New York,
“to discuss the social, civil, and religious rights of women.” The
Seneca Falls Convention attracted over 300 men and women.
Vocabulary Builder
H-SS 8.6.6
Instruction
Main Idea
L2
exclude (ehks KLYOOD) v. to keep
out or expel; to reject
Vocabulary Builder
High-Use Words Before teaching this
section, preteach the high-use words
excluded and devote using the strategy
on p. 287.
Key Terms Have students continue to
fill in the See It–Remember It chart for
the Key Terms in this chapter.
■
Read The Struggle Begins and Seneca
Falls Convention using the Paragraph
Shrinking method (TE p. T37).
■
Ask: What two women began to organize the women’s rights movement
after not being allowed to participate
in a conference on abolition? (Elizabeth
Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott)
■
Have students complete the worksheet
The Declaration of Sentiments. Have
students discuss changes in women’s
rights since 1848.
Teaching Resources, The
Declaration of Sentiments, p. 55
■
Display the transparency Are Not the
Women Half the Nation? Use the questions to guide the discussion.
Color Transparencies, Are Not the Women Half
the Nation?
Independent Practice
Have students begin filling in the study
guide for this section.
Monitor Progress
As students fill in the Notetaking Study
Guide, circulate to make sure individuals
understand the beginning of the women’s
rights movement.
Declaration of Sentiments Stanton wrote a Declaration of
Sentiments, modeled on the Declaration of Independence. It began,
“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are
created equal. . . .” The declaration then listed injustices women
suffered, including being shut out from educational opportunities
and good jobs. The Declaration of Sentiments
demanded full equality for women in every area
of life.
Like the colonial Patriots, Stanton opposed
“taxation without representation.” In a speech just
Elizabeth
before the convention, she declared:
See Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
Declaration of Sentiments, in
the Reference Section at the
back of this textbook.
Cady Stanton
1815–1902
With seven children to care for,
Elizabeth Cady Stanton still found time to
try to change the world. She began her
long political partnership with Susan B.
Anthony in 1851. For much of the next
50 years, the two women pooled their
talents to try to win women the right to
vote. “[I am] a fine writer,” Stanton
noted. “Miss Anthony is a thorough
manager.” Sadly, Stanton died 18 years
before women finally won the vote.
Biography Quest
Why was Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s
wedding ceremony unusual for its day?
are assembled to protest against
“a [W]e
form of government existing without
the consent of the governed—to declare
our right to be free as man is free, to be
represented in the government which
we are taxed to support.
”
—Elizabeth Cady Stanton, speech,
July 19, 1848
Call for Suffrage Stanton’s argument was
the beginning of the long battle for women’s
suffrage, or the right of women to vote. Still, not
all delegates agreed when Stanton included a call
for suffrage in the Declaration of Sentiments.
Some, such as Frederick Douglass, strongly
supported it. Others, including Lucretia Mott,
feared that the call for suffrage would be so
controversial that it would harm their other
causes. Still, the convention narrowly voted to
support the demand for women’s suffrage.
For: The answer to the question about
Stanton
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: myd-4083
What was the purpose of the
Declaration of Sentiments?
302 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
Universal Access
Answers
Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s
wedding ceremony was unusual for its
day because she did not promise to “obey”
her husband in her vows.
to list the rights that the Seneca Falls Convention was demanding for
women
302 Chapter 8
L1 English Language Learners
L1 Less Proficient Readers
Gaining Comprehension Have students
read the text of Seneca Falls Convention as
they listen to the Student Edition on Audio
CD. Create exit cards for the students to
complete at the end of the tape. The cards
will read “What I learned about _____” or
“It made me feel _____.” Review their
L1 Special Needs
responses. Students can be provided a
copy of the CD to work independently at
home or in the school Resource Center.
Student Edition on Audio CD, Chapter
8, Section 3
ssah08.book Page 303 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
New Opportunities for Women
Main Idea
The Seneca Falls Convention launched the women’s rights movement in the United States. The women’s rights movement was an
organized effort to improve the political, legal, and economic status
of women in American society.
In the mid-1800s, women
gained new opportunities for
education and careers.
Political Victories In the years after the Seneca Falls
Convention, Susan B. Anthony became a close ally of Stanton. The
two made a dynamic team. As an unmarried woman, Anthony
Vocabulary Builder
devote (dee VOHT) v. to give up
was free to travel and devote herself to
one’s time or effort for a specific
reform work. Stanton, the mother of a
cause or purpose
growing family, more often wrote
speeches from her home. Together, they
Cause and Effect
founded the National Women’s Suffrage
Association in 1869.
The fight for women’s suffrage made
CAUSES
little progress at first. Yet the women’s
■ Women could not vote, serve on juries,
rights movement won some victories. In
own property, or divorce abusive husbands.
1860, Stanton and Anthony convinced New
■ Many abolitionists believed that women
also deserved equal rights.
York to pass a law protecting women’s
■ Women were denied equal educational
property rights. Many other states followed.
opportunities.
Some states revised their laws to allow
■ Seneca Falls Convention launched
married women to keep their wages.
the women’s rights movement.
Education for Women The women’s
rights movement focused much attention on
education. American schools emphasized
education for boys, who would grow up to
be voters, citizens, and professionals. Girls
seldom studied advanced subjects like math
and science.
Even before the Seneca Falls Convention,
reformers worked to give girls a chance for a
better education. In 1821, Emma Willard
started an academy in Troy, New York, that
soon became the model for girls’ schools
everywhere. The Troy Female Seminary
attracted the daughters of lawyers and
doctors. The first year, 90 students enrolled.
By 1831, the seminary had more than
300 students. Many female reformers of this
era attended Willard’s school.
Mary Lyon began an even bolder experiment when she opened Mount Holyoke
Female Seminary in Massachusetts, in 1837.
Lyon did not call her school a college.
However, Mount Holyoke was, in fact, the first
college for women in the United States. The
school showed that women could indeed learn
subjects like Latin, geometry, and chemistry.
New Opportunities for
Women
H-SS 8.6.6
Instruction
L2
■
With students, read New Opportunities
for Women. Remind students to look for
causes and effects.
■
Ask: What did the leaders in women’s
education accomplish? (Emma Willard
opened a girls’ school; Mary Lyon started
the first college for women.)
■
Ask: How could education be a key to
improving women’s rights? (Possible
answer: An educated woman could use her
knowledge to argue for her rights. An education could lead to career opportunities.)
Independent Practice
Have students complete the study guide
for this section.
Monitor Progress
THE WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT
■
As students complete the Notetaking
Study Guide, circulate to make sure they
understand the vital role of women’s
education.
■
Tell students to fill in the last column of
the Reading Readiness Guide. Ask them
to evaluate whether what they learned
was what they had expected to learn.
EFFECTS
■
Suffragist movement demanded that
women get the right to vote.
■ States passed laws that protected women’s
property rights.
■ Private schools for women opened, and
some colleges accepted women as students.
■ Women entered careers once closed to
them.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 48
■
The Seneca Falls Convention marked the start of an
organized women’s rights movement in the United
States.
(a) Read a Chart Identify two effects of the women’s
rights movement.
(b) Analyze Cause and Effect Why is the abolition
movement shown as a cause of the women’s
rights movement?
To further assess student understanding, use the Progress Monitoring Transparencies.
Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 8, Section 3
Section 3 A Call for Women’s Rights 303
Universal Access
L3
Advanced Readers
Answers
L3 Gifted and Talented
Writing an Editorial Students may have
the misconception that the vast majority of
women supported the suffrage movement.
In reality, the feminist activists did not
attract broad support. Many women
claimed winning suffrage would destroy
the family. Have students research the
arguments of the antisuffrage movement
in the 1800s. Have them write letters to the
editor giving this point of view. Remind
them to use the arguments nineteenthcentury readers would find convincing.
Have several students read their letters to
the class.
Reading Charts (a) Accept any two of the
following: The suffragist movement
demanded that women get the right to
vote; states passed laws that protected
women’s property rights; private schools
for women opened, and some colleges
began to accept women students; and
women entered careers once closed to
them. (b) because many abolitionists advocated equal rights for women.
Chapter 8 Section 3 303
ssah08.book Page 304 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Assess Progress
New Careers Gradually, American society came to accept that
State the Meaning of
Evidence
Assess and Reteach
L2
girls could be educated and that women could be teachers. More and
more schools began hiring women teachers who had been trained at
one of the new academies or colleges for women. Some women
began trying to enter other professions as well.
Margaret Fuller made a career as a journalist, scholar, and literary
critic. She spoke in public for pay at a time when it was illegal for
women to do so. In 1845, Fuller published an influential book, Women
in the Nineteenth Century. “We would have every . . . barrier thrown
down. We would have every path laid open to Woman as freely as to
Man,” she wrote.
Other women excelled in science. Elizabeth Blackwell was admitted
to Geneva Medical College in New York. Blackwell graduated first in
her class in January 1849, becoming the first woman to graduate from an
American medical school. The astronomer Maria Mitchell was the first
professor hired at Vassar College. She was also the first woman elected
to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1848. A crater on the
moon was later named in her honor.
Make a general statement
that is supported by the evidence
in these three paragraphs.
Have students complete Check Your
Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Section Quiz, p. 60
Reteach
L1
If students need more instruction, have
them read this section in the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and
complete the accompanying question.
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8,
Section 3 (Adapted Version also available.)
Extend
Give two examples of advances in education for
women.
L3
To extend the lesson, have students use the
Internet to find out more about one of the
women mentioned in Section 3. Using
what they have learned, have them create
a large concept web to profile the beliefs
and achievements of the person. Have students use their concept webs to share a few
facts about the person with the class. Provide students with the Web code below.
Maria Mitchell (left) at her telescope
Looking Back and Ahead The delegates at the Seneca
Falls Convention hesitated to demand women’s suffrage. As it
turned out, getting the vote was a long struggle. Not until 1920
did a constitutional amendment guarantee women’s right to vote.
You will read more about the women’s suffrage movement in
Chapter 15.
Progress Monitoring
Section 3
Check Your Progress
H-SS: 8.6.6, RE&PV 4
For: Help in starting the Extend
activity
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: Mye-0213
Writing Rubrics Share this writing rubric
with students.
Score 1 Does not contain logical ideas and
is poorly organized.
Score 2 Contains little appropriate supporting evidence and organization is
unclear.
Score 3 Presents developed, supported
ideas and is logical.
Score 4 Presents clearly organized, welldeveloped, and interesting ideas.
Answers
Reading Skill Possible answer:
There was a great demand for the new
women’s schools.
Possible answers: The first
college for women, Mount Holyoke, was
established in 1837; women began to
become teachers, journalists, and scientists.
304 Chapter 8
Comprehension
and Critical Thinking
Reading Skill
For: Self-test with instant help
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mya-4083
Vocabulary Builder
3. State the Meaning of
Evidence Make a statement
1. (a) Summarize What were the
about public views regarding
goals of the women’s rights movewomen in politics, and then supment?
port it with the evidence in this
(b) Compare and Contrast How
paragraph: “Hers is the domestic
were goals of the women’s rights
altar; there she ministers and
movement similar to and different
commands . . .; let her not seek
from those of the abolitionist
madly to descend from this emimovement?
nence to mix with the strife and
2. (a) Recall Why was it considered
ambition of the cares of governmore important for boys to get a
ment; the field of politics is not
good education than girls in the
her appropriate arena.”
early 1800s?
(b) Explain Problems How did
the lack of equal educational
opportunities hurt women?
Read each sentence below. If the
sentence is true, write YES and
explain why. If the sentence is not
true, write NO and explain why not.
4. Supporters of women’s suffrage
opposed the right to vote.
5. The Seneca Falls Convention
marked the start of the women’s
rights movement.
Writing
6. Imagine that you are a reporter in
1848 writing an article about the
Seneca Falls Convention. Write a
few sentences explaining why the
convention met. Then, predict
what might be the long-term
effects of the convention.
304 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
Section
3 Check Your Progress
1. (a) to achieve equal rights for women
(b) The first goal of the abolitionist
movement was to end slavery. Both the
women’s rights movement and abolitionists also wanted to expand the rights
to vote, own property, and take part in
society.
2. (a) Men were educated to earn a living
and vote.
(b) Women could not hold professional
jobs or gain respect in a society controlled by men.
3. Possible answer: Some men believed it
was not “ladylike” for women to participate in politics.
4. No; suffragists supported the right to
vote.
5. Yes. It was a formal gathering that
endorsed social and political change.
6. Answers will vary but should describe
the goals of the convention and express
and support an opinion of those goals.
ssah08.book Page 305 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
4 American Literature
SECTION
Section
and Arts
Standards-Based Instruction
Prepare to Read
H-SS 8.4.4 Discuss daily life, including traditions in art, music, and literature,
of early national America (e.g., through
writings by Washington Irving, James
Fenimore Cooper).
H-SS 8.6.7 Identify common themes in
American art as well as transcendentalism
and individualism (e.g., writings about and
by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David
Thoreau, Herman Melville, Louisa May
Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow).
Standards at a Glance
Reading Skill
Vocabulary Builder
Draw Logical Conclusions As
High-Use Words
you review the details and evidence in text, make sure that the
conclusions you draw are logical.
In other words, they should
make sense with all the details
and with what you know about
the events and about the world.
Use your own experience to test,
for example, whether particular
attitudes make sense in a given
situation. Do they fit the historical context?
emotion, p. 306
H-SS Analysis Skill RE&PV 4
Students have learned how the reform
impulse worked to improve society.
American literature and art reflected the
optimistic sense that individuals can
perfect themselves and others.
reproduce, p. 309
Key Terms and People
transcendentalism, p. 306
Ralph Waldo Emerson, p. 306
individualism, p. 306
Henry David Thoreau, p. 306
civil disobedience, p. 307
Herman Melville, p. 307
Nathaniel Hawthorne, p. 307
Louisa May Alcott, p. 308
Background Knowledge The reformers that you have
read about in this chapter all shared a sense of optimism. They
believed that individuals could reform themselves and that society
could be improved. In this section, you will see how this same optimistic spirit inspired a new generation of American writers.
Section Focus Question
How did American literature and
art have an impact on American
life?
Before you begin the lesson for the day,
write the Section Focus Question on the
board. (Lesson focus: American artists and
writers began to celebrate and express American places and ideas. This helped bring attention to problems such as slavery, but it also
encouraged pride in the new nation.)
Prepare to Read
An American Culture Develops
Main Idea
Before 1800, American writers and artists modeled their work on
European styles. Poets used complex, formal language and filled
their poems with references to Greek and Roman myths. Most artists
trained in Europe and learned European approaches to painting.
In the 1800s, American writers
explored uniquely American
themes and developed new
ideas about people and nature.
American Themes By the mid-1800s, American writers and
artists had begun to develop styles that reflected American optimism
and energy. Their work explored subjects that were uniquely
American. Two early writers, Washington Irving and James
Fenimore Cooper, reflected this interest in American themes.
Irving drew upon the Dutch history of New York in his stories
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle.” Rip Van
Winkle was a lazy farmer who slept through the American Revolution.
Cooper created the popular character Natty Bumppo, a frontiersman who kept moving westward. Uncomfortable with life in
cities and towns, Bumppo criticized the destruction of nature.
Cooper’s novels about Bumppo, such as The Deerslayer and The Last of
the Mohicans, helped American literature gain popularity in Europe.
Section 4 American Literature and Arts 305
Build Background
Knowledge
Geoffrey Crayon, which included Rip Van
Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow,
brought him acclaim and honors in both
America and Europe. Irving is considered
the first great writer of American literature.
L2
Tell students that in this section they will
learn about the development of a new
American style in literature and art. Have
students think about the reforms and
changes they learned about in Sections 1
through 3. Then have students predict
ideas and themes that might appear in art
and literature at this time. After they make
predictions about what they will learn,
address any misconceptions that students
may have about the topic. Remind them to
confirm or revise their predictions after
they read the section. Use the Think-PairShare strategy (TE p. T39) to elicit
responses.
Set a Purpose
■
History Background
Washington Irving (1783–1859) Born in
New York City at the end of the American
Revolution, Washington Irving was at various times a lawyer, a soldier, and a diplomat. By the 1820s, however, Irving had
also become an enormously successful
writer. Works such as The Sketch-book of
4
L2
Read each statement in the Reading
Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to
mark the statements true or false.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 49
■
Have students discuss the statements in
pairs or groups of four, then mark their
worksheets again. Use the Numbered
Heads strategy (TE p. T38) to call on
students to share their groups’ perspectives. The students will return to these
worksheets later.
Chapter 8 Section 4 305
ssah08.book Page 306 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Teach
Vocabulary Builder
emotion (ee MOH shuhn) n. strong
feeling such as sadness, anger, or
love
An American Culture
Develops
H-SS 8.4.4
L2
Instruction
■
Vocabulary Builder
High-Use Words Before teaching this
section, preteach the high-use words
emotion and reproduce using the strategy on page 287.
Key Terms Have students continue to
fill in the See It–Remember It chart for
the Key Terms in this chapter.
■
Read An American Culture Develops
using the Choral Reading strategy (TE p.
T36).
■
Discuss with students the beginning of
an American culture. Ask: What did
Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper have in common? (They
both wrote stories that reflected their interest
in American themes.)
■
Ask: How did Emerson and Thoreau
encourage individualism? (Emerson
wanted people to be guided by their “inner
light.” Thoreau believed individuals should
judge right and wrong for themselves.)
■
Ask: How are transcendentalism and
individualism related? (Possible answer:
Transcendentalism is based on emotions,
which are experienced by individual
humans, so the experiences, thoughts, and
feelings of the individual are very important.)
■
Discuss with students how transcendentalism might have led people to work
for reforms. (Possible answer: It celebrated
the value of each soul as a part of nature and
highlighted the fact that people have a common humanity and responsibility for one
another.)
Independent Practice
Have students begin filling in the study
guide for this section.
Monitor Progress
As students fill in the Notetaking Study
Guide, circulate to make sure individuals
understand the development of early
American art.
Answer
Apply Information The speaker is very
emotional and talks of pain and death.
306 Chapter 8
Transcendentalism By the early 1800s, a new artistic
movement took shape in Europe, called Romanticism. Unlike
thinkers of the Enlightenment, who emphasized reason, Romantics
placed greater value on nature, emotions, and imagination.
A small but influential group of writers and thinkers in New
England developed an American form of Romanticism, called transcendentalism (trahnz ehn DEHNT uhl ihzm). Transcendentalism was
a movement that sought to explore the relationship between humans
and nature through emotions rather than through reason. It got its
name because its goal was to transcend, or go beyond, human reason.
Transcendentalists believed in a close link between humans and
nature. They urged people to live simply and to seek beauty, goodness, and truth within their own souls.
Emerson and Thoreau Ralph Waldo Emerson was the
See Ralph Waldo Emerson,
Self-Reliance, in the Reference
Section at the back of this textbook.
leading transcendentalist. In his popular speeches and essays,
Emerson asked Americans to question the value of material goods.
Civilization might provide wealth, he said, but nature reflected
higher values that came from God. Emerson also stressed
individualism, the unique importance of each individual. “Trust
thyself,” he taught. He challenged people to use their “inner light” to
guide their lives and improve society.
Henry David Thoreau (thuh ROW) took up Emerson’s challenge.
He spent two years living in the woods at Walden Pond, meditating
on nature. In his 1854 book Walden, Thoreau urged people to live
Herman Melville’s novel Moby-Dick tells the story of a sea captain’s mad
pursuit of a white whale. The novel is still widely read and has been
filmed several times. Critical Thinking: Apply Information You have read
that Melville was interested in extreme, dark emotions. How does the
excerpt on the facing page reflect that interest?
Herman Melville
306 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
Universal Access
L1 English Language Learners
L1 Less Proficient Readers
Study Aid To help students remember the
writers and artists in this section, have
them make a two-column chart. In the first
column, have them write the person’s
L1 Special Needs
name. In the second column, have them
list works and other important or interesting information about each person.
ssah08.book Page 307 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
simply. “Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts of
life, are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the
elevation of mankind,” he wrote.
Like Emerson, Thoreau believed that individuals must judge
right and wrong for themselves. He encouraged civil disobedience,
the idea that people should peacefully disobey unjust laws if their
consciences demand it. Thoreau spent a night in jail for refusing to
pay a tax that he felt supported slavery. Thoreau’s ideas about civil
disobedience influenced later leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr.
Draw Logical
Conclusions
Draw a logical conclusion
about Thoreau’s values from the
information and quotation in this
paragraph.
What was the goal of transcendentalism?
Flowering of American Literature
Main Idea
Irving and Cooper set a high standard for American writers. Two
later novelists, Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne, began
to change the tone of American literature.
American fiction and poetry
reached new heights in the 1840s
and 1850s.
Melville and Hawthorne Both Hawthorne and Melville were
fascinated by psychology and extreme emotions. Melville’s novel
Moby-Dick (1851) told the story of a sea captain who is obsessed with
pursuing a white whale. In the end, Captain Ahab’s mad pursuit
destroys himself, his ship, and his crew. Largely ignored at the time,
Moby-Dick is now seen as one of the greatest American novels.
Flowering of American
Literature
H-SS 8.6.7
Instruction
L2
■
With students, read Flowering of American Literature. Remind students to look
for support for the Main Idea.
■
Ask: How was the new literature
uniquely American? (It expressed American ideas and values and celebrated what
was important to Americans.)
■
Ask: How did the new literature celebrate American culture and society?
(Possible answer: Authors and poets of this
period set their works in the American past
or dealt with American issues. They also
celebrated the American people and showed
what their lives were like.)
Independent Practice
Have students continue filling in the study
guide for this section.
왔
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8, Section 4
(Adapted Version also available.)
Captain Ahab tells his crew that he lost his leg
because of the white whale Moby Dick.
Monitor Progress
“
As students fill in the Notetaking Study
Guide, circulate to make sure individuals
understand the early development of
American literature. Provide assistance as
needed.
‘Aye, my hearties all round; it was Moby Dick
that dismasted me; Moby Dick that brought me
to this dead stump I stand on now. Aye aye,’
he shouted with a terrific, loud, animal sob, like
that of a heart-stricken moose; ‘Aye, aye! it was
that accursed white whale that razeed me; made
a poor pegging lubber for me for ever and a
day!’ Then, tossing both arms, with measureless imprecations he shouted out, ‘Aye, aye! and
I’ll chase him round Good Hope, and round the
Horn, and round the Norway Maelstrom, and
round perdition’s flames before I give him up.
And this is what ye have shipped for, men! To
chase that white whale on both sides of land,
”
and over all sides of the earth. . . .’
History Background
An African American Writer William
Wells Brown was the son of an enslaved
woman and a slaveholder. In the first
chapter of his novel Clotel, a slave once
owned by Thomas Jefferson and the two
daughters she bore to him are sold at
왖
Captain Ahab in a movie version
of Moby-Dick.
307
auction. The book was published in London in 1853. In the version published in
the United States in 1864, the character of
Jefferson was replaced by a Southern senator. The original version of Clotel was not
published in the United States until 1969.
Answers
to explore the relationship
between humans and nature through emotion rather than reason
Reading Skill Possible answer: He
was concerned not with material things
but with making humanity better.
Chapter 8 Section 4 307
ssah08.book Page 308 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Art and Music
H-SS 8.4.4
The Hudson River School
Instruction
L2
■
Read Art and Music with students.
Remind them to look for support for the
Main Idea.
■
Ask: How did painters’ work express
an American style? (Painters focused on
American landscapes, people, and everyday
life.)
■
Display the transparency Kindred Spirits to help students better understand
the Hudson River School of painting.
Use the questions to guide a discussion.
This landscape painting by
Thomas Cole shows
Americans building a home in
the middle of the wilderness.
Like other paintings of the
Hudson River school, it
reflects a sense of the beauty
and power of nature.
Critical Thinking: Evaluate
Information What is the
relationship between people
and nature in this painting?
Color Transparencies, Kindred Spirits
■
Hawthorne was descended from the Puritans of Massachusetts.
He often used historical themes to explore the dark side of the mind.
In his 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter, a young minister is destroyed by
secret guilt. The novel paints a grim picture of Puritan life.
Ask: What do the many American work
songs show about the period? (Possible
answer: Most people were workers.)
Alcott Louisa May Alcott presented a gentler view of New
England life. In 1868, Alcott published Little Women, a novel based on
her own experiences growing up with three sisters. The main character,
Jo March, was the first young American heroine to be presented as a
believable, imperfect person rather than as a shining ideal.
Independent Practice
Have students complete the study guide
for this section.
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8, Section 4
(Adapted Version also available.)
Poets of Democracy Poets helped create a new national voice.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow based poems on American history,
such as “Paul Revere’s Ride.” His long poem The Song of Hiawatha
was one of the first works to honor Native Americans.
Walt Whitman published Leaves of Grass in 1855. This book of
poems shocked many readers because it rejected formal rules. But
today, Whitman is seen as the poet who best expresses the democratic American spirit. His poetry celebrated common people:
Monitor Progress
■
■
■
As students complete the Notetaking
Study Guide, circulate to make sure
individuals understand the themes of
American music and art. Provide assistance as needed.
Tell students to fill in the last column of
the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for
what they learned that confirms or
invalidates each statement.
The clean-hair’d Yankee girl works with her sewing-machine,
or in the factory or mill.
”
To further assess student understanding, use the Progress Monitoring Transparency.
How did writers explore the American past?
308 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
Universal Access
L3 Advanced Readers
Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 8, Section 4
Answers
Evaluate Information The people are a
small part of nature.
by using historical themes
and settings
308 Chapter 8
—Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself”
Some poets used their pens to support social reform. John Greenleaf Whittier, a Massachusetts Quaker, and Frances Watkins Harper,
an African American woman from Maryland, wrote poems that
described and condemned the evils of slavery.
Ask students to go back to their Word
Knowledge Rating Form. Rerate their
word knowledge and complete the last
column with a definition or example.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 49; Word
Knowledge Rating Form, p. 45
■
[T]he policeman travels his beat—the gate-keeper marks
“who
pass; . . .
L3 Gifted and Talented
Creating an Art Exhibit Pamphlet Have
students research a painter from the Hudson River School and create an informational pamphlet that would accompany an
exhibit of the artist’s works. The pamphlet
should include general background about
the School and the artist, as well as a list of
at least three works the students would
include in an exhibit, with a note for each
giving the title, date painted, and subject.
Ask students to share their favorite work
and tell what characteristics of the Hudson
River School it shows.
ssah08.book Page 309 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Art and Music
Main Idea
After 1820, artists also began to create a unique American style.
Turning away from European themes, they focused on the landscapes around them or on the daily lives of common Americans.
American painters and
songwriters also used their skills
to explore American life.
Vocabulary Builder
reproduce (ree prah
make a copy
DYOOS)
v. to
Progress Monitoring
Comprehension
and Critical Thinking
1. (a) Recall Before 1800, what
models influenced American
writers and painters?
(b) Draw Conclusions How did
later works like The Scarlet Letter
and the paintings of the Hudson
River school reflect a change in
American art and literature?
2. (a) Recall What did Henry
David Thoreau mean by “civil disobedience”?
(b) Link Past and Present How
did Thoreau’s ideas influence
Martin Luther King, Jr.?
Reading Skill
For: Self-test with instant help
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mya-4084
4 Check Your Progress
1. (a) European ones
(b) They were focused on American
subjects and history.
2. (a) the idea that people should protest
or peacefully refuse to obey laws that
they believe are wrong
(b) He practiced civil disobedience as
Thoreau did to fight against unjust laws.
3. Possible answer: Bumppo respected and
cared about nature; the answer is logical
L1
L3
Have students find an example of a painting by a member of the Hudson River
School. Ask students to record the name of
the painting and the artist and use the
painting as an inspiration for writing a
poem. Poems should not only relate to the
painting but also express ideas about transcendentalism and individualism. Ask volunteers to read their poems to the class. If
possible, have students display a copy of
their inspiration painting while they read.
Vocabulary Builder
3. Draw Logical Conclusions In a 4. Write two definitions for the key
novel by James Fenimore Cooper,
term transcendentalism. First,
write a formal definition for your
Natty Bumppo watches as settlers shoot hundreds of pigeons.
teacher. Second, write a definition in everyday English for a
Based on the following quotation, what conclusion can you
classmate.
draw about Natty’s feelings for
nature? Explain why your conclu- Writing
sion is logical. Quotation: “It’s
5. What is the relationship
much better to kill only such as
between artists and society?
you want, without wasting your
Using examples from this secpowder and lead, than to be
tion, write a paragraph explainfiring into God’s creatures in this
ing how writers, painters, and
wicked manner. . . . Wasn’t the
musicians reflect the society in
woods made for the beasts and
which they lived and how they
birds to harbor in?”
help to influence it.
Section 4 American Literature and Arts 309
Section
Reteach
Extend
Looking Back and Ahead American culture of the
1800s had an influence that is still felt today. People still read MobyDick and Little Women. Concepts like individualism and civil disobedience continue to affect people’s ideas and actions.
H-SS: 8.4.4, 8.6.7, RE&PV 4
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Section Quiz, p. 61
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8,
Section 4 (Adapted Version also available.)
Identify two themes of American painting.
Check Your Progress
L2
If students need more instruction, have
them read this section in the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and
complete the accompanying question.
Popular Songs Most early American songs, such as “Yankee
Doodle,” had roots in English, Irish, or Scottish tunes. Over time, a
wide variety of new American songs emerged. Many were work
songs, chanted by men as they sailed on whaling ships, laid railroad
tracks, or hauled barges along canals. The spiritual was a special
type of song developed by enslaved African Americans.
The most popular American songwriter of the 1800s was Stephen
Foster. Many of his tunes, such as “Camptown Races” and “Old Folks
at Home,” are still familiar today.
Section 4
Assess Progress
Have students complete Check Your
Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.
Painting America A group of artists painted scenes of the
Hudson River valley. This group became known as the Hudson
River school. Thomas Cole and the other painters of this school
reflected the values of Romanticism. They sought to stir emotions by
reproducing the beauty and power of nature.
Other American painters were inspired by everyday life. George
Caleb Bingham created a timeless picture of life on the great rivers.
George Catlin captured the ways and dignity of Native Americans.
Assess and Reteach
Writing Rubric
Score 1 Paragraph is unorganized, few
details.
Score 2 Paragraph is organized, some
supporting details.
Score 3 Paragraph is logical, well-supported.
Score 4 Paragraph is well-supported,
well-developed, has a strong conclusion.
because, in the quotation, Cooper writes
that it is wicked to kill more of God’s
creatures than you need.
4. Possible answer: formal: a movement
that sought to explore the relationship
between humans and nature; informal:
the idea that people should enjoy nature
and live simpler lives
Answer
5. Answers will vary but should use spe-
cific examples of artists, their work, and
their connections to the outside world.
Possible answers: American
landscapes and everyday life
Chapter 8 Section 4 309
ssah08.book Page 310 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Evaluate Summaries
Objective
Evaluating summaries can aid student
comprehension of the main ideas of reading passages. The skill will help students
focus on the most important parts of what
they read and helps teach students of the
elements necessary to develop their own
summaries.
Evaluate Summaries
Instruction
In 1852, Frederick Douglass, African American
abolitionist, was invited to speak at a July 4th
gathering in Rochester, New York.
Source
L2
2. Have students look at the title of the
passage. Using the Idea Wave strategy
(TE, p. T38), have them suggest what
they think the speech will be about.
3. Practice the skill by following the steps
on page 310 as a class. Model each step
to explain the chart. (1. Answers will
vary but should mention the contrast
between slavery and independence. 2. Possible answer: Enslaved Americans do not
have independence. 3. Answers will vary
but should support the main idea. 4. Summary C; Reasons will vary but should relate
to the main idea.)
Monitor Progress
Ask students to do the Apply the Skill
activity. Then assign the Analysis Skill
worksheet. As students complete the
worksheet, circulate to make sure individuals are applying the skill steps effectively.
Provide assistance as needed.
Fellow citizens, pardon me, allow me to ask,
why am I called upon to speak here today?
What have I, or those I represent, to do with
your national independence? Are the great
principles of political freedom and of natural
justice, embodied in that Declaration of
Independence, extended to us? . . . This Fourth
of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice. I
must mourn. . . . Do you mean, citizens, to
mock me by asking me to speak today? . . .
My subject then, fellow citizens, is American
slavery. I shall see this day and its popular
characteristics from the slave’s point of view.
—Frederick Douglass,
Independence Day speech,
Rochester, 1852
Summary A: Douglass believes that all Americans
should celebrate the Fourth of July. The freedoms
established in the Declaration of Independence
are meant for all.
Summary B: Douglass does not feel he is able to
speak. He is a poor man who does not enjoy the
wealth and good fortune shared by many members of the audience.
Summary C: Douglass reminds his audience that
African Americans did not enjoy the freedoms and
independence guaranteed in the Declaration of
Independence.
Learn the Skill
Practice the Skill
Use these steps to determine which summary accurately captures the main idea of the speech.
Answer the following questions about the summaries on this page.
1 Identify the subject of the selection. What is
the selection about?
1 Identify the subject of the selection. What is
the selection about?
2 Find the main ideas of the selection. Determine
the writer or speaker’s most important point
about the subject.
2 Find the main idea of the selection. What main
point does Frederick Douglass make?
3 Find important details. What details provide key
information about the main ideas?
4 Evaluate the summary. Does it accurately restate
the main ideas of the original in different words?
Does it include important details? Does it communicate the basic meaning of the original text?
310 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
310 Chapter 8
English-Language Arts
Reading 8.2.4 Compare the original text to a
summary to determine whether the summary
accurately captures the main ideas, includes critical details, and conveys the underlying meaning.
Primary
1. Write the steps to evaluate summaries
on the board and ask the class to read
the steps aloud.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4,
Analysis Skill Worksheet, p. 56
A summary briefly retells the main ideas of a
selection, using different words. It also includes
the most important details about the main ideas.
Summaries should not include personal opinions
about the selection. Read the primary source
below, then read summaries A–C.
3 Find important details. What is one detail that
provides information about the main idea?
4 Evaluate the summary. Which is the best summary of Douglass’s speech? Give three reasons
for your answer.
Apply the Skill
See the Review and Assessment at the end of this
chapter.
ssah08.book Page 311 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
CHAPTER
8 Quick Study Guide
Chapter 8
Complete your Chapter 8
study guide in print or online.
H-SS: 8.4.4, 8.6.5, 8.6.6, 8.6.7, 8.9.1, 8.9.2, 8.9.3, Framework
Chapter Summary
Section 1
Improving Society
Section 3
A Call for Women’s Rights
• Jacksonian democracy encouraged reform
by focusing on ideals of liberty and equality.
• People active in social reform began to
demand equal rights for women.
• In the Second Great Awakening, ministers
preached that people had free will and
could reform their own lives.
• The Declaration of Sentiments at the
Seneca Falls Convention called for
women’s equality in many areas of public
life.
• Reformers tackled a variety of causes,
including temperance, prison reform,
improved conditions for those with
mental illnesses, and public education.
• The women’s rights movement focused
much of its attention on gaining better
education for women.
Section 2
The Fight Against Slavery
Section 4
American Literature and Arts
• Abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass called for an
end to slavery.
• American writers and artists began to
explore American themes in their work.
• Conductors on the Underground Railroad
helped people escape from slavery to
freedom.
• Abolitionists faced strong opposition in
both the North and the South.
• Transcendentalists emphasized emotions,
nature, and individualism.
• Melville and Hawthorne explored dark
areas of psychology, while Whitman wrote
poems celebrating democracy.
Key Concepts
These notes will help you prepare for questions about key concepts.
Major Movements of the Early 1800s
Movement
MOVEMENT
GOAL
Second Great Awakening
GoalIndividuals reform their lives through use of free will
Second Great Awakening
Utopian communities
Individuals reform their lives through use of free will
Utopian communities
Perfect humankind by building perfect communities
Temperance
movement
Perfect humankind by building perfect communities
Prison and mental hospital reform End abuses related to alcohol use
Temperance movement
End abuses related to alcohol use
Public education
Improve conditions in prisons and build separate asylums
Prison and mental hospital reform
Improve conditions in prisons and build separate asylums
Abolition
Public financing of education to strengthen democracy
Underground Railroad
EndPublic
slavery
Public education
financing of education to strengthen democracy
Women’s rights
Help slaves escape to freedom
Abolition
End slavery
Transcendentalism
Improve condition of women in society
Individuals
seek
divine
within themselves
Underground Railroad
Help slaves
escape
to freedom
Women’s rights
Improve condition of women in society
Transcendentalism
Individuals seek divine within themselves
Quick Study Guide
Chapter Summary
Remind students of the Chapter Focus
Question: How did reformers and writers
inspire change and spark controversy?
Have them review the bulleted statements
to help them answer this question.
To bolster students’ retention, at this time
they should complete the study guide in
print or online. Remind students that they
should also continue notetaking for the
Unit and Chapter Focus Questions.
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 8 (Adapted Version
also available.)
Study Guide Online, Chapter 8
Chapter Challenge
To wrap up this chapter, have students
write a paragraph to answer this question:
How might the United States be different
today if the educational reforms begun
by Horace Mann had not taken place?
(Answers will vary but should demonstrate an
understanding of the importance of education,
especially publicly funded education, and how
it enriches people’s lives and contributes to
democracy.)
Assessment at a Glance
Formal Assessment
Chapter Tests A/B (L1/L2)
AYP Monitoring Assessment
Document-Based Assessment
Performance Assessment
Group/Individual Activites, TE pp.
284g, 284h
Quick Study Guide 311
Teacher’s Edition, pp. 293, 300, 303, 304,
308, 309
Assessment Rubrics
Assessment Through Technology
ExamView CD-ROM
MindPoint CD-ROM
Progress Monitoring Transparencies
Progress Monitoring Online
Chapter 8 311
ssah08.book Page 312 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Chapter 8
CHAPTER
8 Review and Assessment
Review and Assessment
Vocabulary Builder
High-Use Words
1. No; they wanted people to believe in
the doctrine of free will.
2. No; Horace Mann believed in public
education for all children.
3. No; transcendentalists valued feelings
over reason.
4. No; the temperance movement wanted
to end alcohol abuse.
Key Terms
5. large, outdoor religious meeting
6. God determines the fate of a person’s
soul.
7. abolish slavery
8. vote
H-SS: 8.4.4, 8.6.5, 8.6.6, 8.6.7, 8.9.1, 8.9.2, 8.9.3, Framework, Analysis Skill RE&PV 4
Vocabulary Builder
High-Use Words
Read each sentence below. If the sentence is true,
write YES. If the sentence is not true, write NO and
explain why.
2. Horace Mann hoped to exclude children from
schools.
3. Transcendentalists valued reason more than
emotion.
4. The temperance movement wanted to eliminate
slavery.
Key Terms
Complete each of the following sentences so that
the second part further explains the first part and
clearly shows your understanding of the key term.
5. During the Second Great Awakening, Charles
Finney pioneered the mass revival, which is a
_____.
6. The doctrine of free will was almost the exact
opposite of predestination, the belief that
_____.
Comprehension and Critical
Thinking
7. People in the United States who wanted to end
slavery were called abolitionists because they
wanted to _____.
9. (a) the belief that people can earn salvation through good behavior and acts (b)
They were based on the idea that people can improve themselves and the
lives of others.
8. Women who wanted to _____ supported
women’s suffrage.
11.(a) They spoke against it, and Tubman
was also a conductor on the Underground Railroad, while Douglass published an abolitionist newspaper. (b)
Possible answer: People like Frederick
Douglass showed that they were intelligent, feeling human beings, not animals. They also spoke from first-hand
experience.
12.(a) Possible answers: The Declaration of
Independence stated that all men are
equal; religious beliefs that owning
other people is immoral (b) They
argued that slavery was good, prevented discussion of antislavery petitions in
Congress, and put up a reward for the
capture of William Lloyd Garrison. (c)
Northern abolitionists believed that slavery was wrong for any reason; south312 Chapter 8
9. (a) Recall What was the doctrine of free will?
(b) Draw Conclusions How were the reform
movements of the early 1800s expressions of
free will?
1. Leaders of the Second Great Awakening wanted
to convert people to the belief in predestination.
Practice Reading Skill
Draw Conclusions From Sources The
writer values education. He says those
with good education do a higher level of
work and earn more money.
10.(a) abuses of prisoners and of the mentally ill (b) She traveled around the
country and spoke to state legislatures
to call for reforms and improvements.
(c) Possible answer: Today the mentally
ill are treated, not imprisoned.
Comprehension and Critical Thinking
Practice Reading Skill
Draw Conclusions From Sources Based on the following quotation, what conclusion can you draw
about the writer’s view regarding education?
Explain how you reached this conclusion.
“Those who have been blessed with a good
common-school education rise to a higher and
higher point in the kinds of labor performed
and also in the rate of wages paid, while the
ignorant sink like dregs and are always found
at the bottom.”
—Annual Reports of the Secretary
of the Board of Education of
Massachusetts, 1839–1844
10. (a) Describe Describe two problems Dorothea
Dix uncovered.
(b) Apply Information What did she do to
correct them?
(c) Link Past and Present How do you think
Dix’s work benefits people today?
11. (a) Recall What did Frederick Douglass and
Harriet Tubman do to oppose slavery?
(b) Evaluate Information Why do you think
escaped slaves like Frederick Douglass made
effective antislavery speakers?
12. (a) List Give two reasons why Americans
opposed slavery.
(b) Detect Points of View How did slaveholders in the South respond to the growing abolitionist movement?
(c) Compare and Contrast Compare how
northern abolitionists and southern slaveholders viewed slavery.
13. (a) Recall Which rights were denied women in
the early 1800s?
(b) Draw Conclusions What rights did women
gain as a result of the victories won in the
struggle for equal rights in the 1800s?
14. (a) Recall What was individualism?
(b) Draw Inferences How do the actions of
Henry David Thoreau show that he was an
individualist?
312 Chapter 8 An Age of Reform
ern slaveholders depended on it for
their economy and therefore rationalized its existence.
13.(a) the rights to vote, own property, and
speak in public meetings (b) Women
gained more educational opportunities
and began to be admitted to some
careers.
14.(a) the belief in the importance of the
individual person (b) He lived alone in
the woods, and he refused to obey a law
he personally thought was wrong.
ssah08.book Page 313 Wednesday, February 23, 2005 2:16 PM
Progress Monitoring
Chapter 8
For: Self-test with instant help
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mya-4086
Review and Assessment
E-LA: Reading 8.2.4; H-SS: Analysis Skill RE&PV 4, 8.6.6, 8.6.7, 8.9.1
Writing
Writing
Apply the Skill
1. Write a paragraph explaining how the
following poem by Frances Watkins
Harper is related to the spirit of
change that swept this country in the
mid-1800s:
“I ask no monument, proud and high,
To arrest the gaze of passers-by;
All that my yearning spirit craves,
Is bury me not in a land of slaves.”
Evaluate Summaries
Review Section 3, “A Call for Women's Rights.”
Then, look at the three summaries below
and answer the questions that follow.
Summary A: The Seneca Falls Convention
was a failure. American women failed to make
any political or economic gains.
Summary B: The Seneca Falls Convention did not
change American society overnight. Still, it marked
the start of a long struggle for women's rights
that eventually succeeded.
Summary C: The Seneca Falls Convention was a
great success. Before long, many states gave
women property rights and passed laws giving
women suffrage.
—Frances Watkins Harper,
“Bury Me in a Free Land”
2. Write a Narrative:
You are a student in the 1850s. Your
parents have taken you to a public
meeting about temperance, abolition,
or women’s rights. Write a letter to a
friend describing what you saw and
heard and how it made you feel.
For a more complete four-point rubric, see
the writing rubrics in the Teaching
Resources.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4, pp.
107, 108
Apply the Skill
1. the beginning of the women’s suffrage
movement
2. Summary B; answers should be based
on details given in the summary.
Test Yourself
1. D
2. C
1. What is the main idea of the section?
3. D
2. Which is the best summary of the section? Give
three reasons for your answer.
Test Yourself
1. The idea that God decides the fate of each
person is called
Refer to the picture below to answer Question 3. It
shows Frederick Douglass speaking at a meeting.
A prohibition.
B transcendentalism.
C romanticism.
D predestination.
Refer to the quotation below to answer
Question 2.
“Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called
comforts of life, are not only not indispensable, but
positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind.”
2. The quotation above describes the core ideas
of which American author?
3. Which generalization is supported by this picture?
A Herman Melville
A Abolitionists were not allowed to speak in
public.
B Louisa May Alcott
B Frederick Douglass was a powerful speaker.
C Henry David Thoreau
C Most northerners supported abolition.
D James Fenimore Cooper
D Abolitionists faced many obstacles.
Chapter Review and Assessment 313
Writing Rubrics Share rubrics with students before they begin writing.
1. Write a Paragraph
Score 1 Paragraph is incomplete.
Score 2 Paragraph is vague, lacks under-
standing of topic.
Score 3 Paragraph is fairly well-written
and thoughtful.
Score 4 Paragraph shows grasp of topic
and is well-written.
2. Write a Narrative
Score 1 Letter does not express the writ-
er’s feelings, is poorly organized.
Score 2 Letter contains few expressions
of feelings.
Score 3 Letter expresses feelings of the
writer.
Score 4 Letter expresses the writer’s
feelings and is well-written and creative.
Chapter 8 313