Download Earth, moon, and sun

Earth, moon, and sun
Chapter 1
The
Sky From Earth
Lesson
1
Satellite
planet
meteor
comet
star
constellation
What Can You See in the Night Sky?

Satellite-body that orbits a planet

Meteors-streak of light produced when a mall object burns up
entering Earth’s atmosphere

Comet-cold mixture of dust and ice that gives off a long trail of
light as it approaches the sun.

Star-giant ball of hot gas

Planet- an object that orbits the sun is large enough to have been
rounded by its own gravity, and has cleared the area of its orbit.

Constellations-a pattern or group of stars that people imagined to
represent a figure, animal or object.
satellite
Comet
Meteors
Planets/Sun (star)
Constellations

In Western culture, there are 88 different constellations named. Most
come from ancient Greeks, who probably took them from Mesopotamians
and Egyptians. Some names come from Latin.

Greek Myths tell a lot of the constellations stories. Pegasus and Perseus
for example.

Zodiac signs and Horoscopes.
How do objects in the sky appear to move?

Why do stars appear to move from EAST TO WEST throughout the
night?

Because Earth rotates on its axis from WEST TO EAST.

Why do constellations seem to move as the seasons change?

Because Earth moves as it revolves around the Sun.

Planets appear to move in a band in the sky because they are all orbiting
the sun. This band is called a Zodiac.
Earth in space
Lesson 2
Axis
Rotation
Revolution
Orbit
Calendar
Solstice
Equinox
How does earth move?
(1) Rotation-spinning of the Earth on its axis.
Axis-imaginary line that passes through the North and South pole.
This causes DAY and NIGHT. It takes Earth 24 hours to rotate 1x.
(2) Revolution-Earth moving around the Sun. One revolution around
the sun is the Earth’s Orbit.
What Causes seasons?

How SUNLIGHT HITS THE EARTH gives temperature
changes. Sun hits more directly at the equator than at
poles where it is spread out.

Earth’s TILTED AXIS causes the season change. Earth
is always tilted at 23.5 degrees from vertical.
SOLSTICES

When the sun appears farthest
North once a year, June 21, longest
day of the year, Summer solstice in
Northern hemisphere

When the sun appears farthest
South once a year, December 21,
shortest day of the year, winter
solstice in the Northern hemisphere.
EQUINOXES

Between the 2 solstices when
the neither hemisphere is
tilted toward the sun. The
NOON sun is directly
overhead at the equator.

Equinox means Equal Night, 12
hours of daylight, 12 hours of
night.

Vernal equinox March 21,
beginning of Spring

Autumnal equinox September
22, beginning of Fall
Gravity and Motion
Lesson 3
Force
Gravity
Law of universal gravitation
Mass
Weight
Inertia
Newton’s first law of motion
Objectives:
1. What Determines gravity?
2. What keeps objects in orbit?
Who is Sir Isaac Newton
anyway??
What determines gravity?
What keeps Earth and the
Moon in orbit? Why don’t
they just fly off into space?
Force- push or pull on
an object. On Earth
that force is called
GRAVITY- Force that
pulls the moon toward
Earth.
Strength of
gravitational force
depends on 2 things:
Mass and distance
between objects.
Mass vs weight
What is the difference
between mass and
weight?
Mass is the amount of space you take
up. Weight is the gravitational pull
on you. Mass doesn’t change from
place to place, weight can.
Why is my weight
different on the moon
than on Earth?
Different gravitational pull on moon
than on Earth. Earth is 10X greater!!
What keeps objects in motion?
Why doesn’t the Earth fall
into the sun or the moon
crash into Earth?
Inertia-the tendency of an object at rest to stay
at rest or an object in motion to remain in
motion.
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
inertia and gravity keep earth in orbit around
the sun and the moon in orbit around the Earth
Vocabulary
phase
eclipse
solar eclipse
umbra
penumbra
lunar eclipse
What causes the Moon’s Phases?
Phases are caused by the motions of the moon around Earth.
The changing relative positions of the moon, Earth and Sun.
Half of the moon is almost always
in sunlight, but since the moon
orbits Earth, you see the moon
from different angles. Phase of
the moon depends on how much
of the sunlit side of the moon
faces Earth.
COUNTER CLOCKWISE
MOVEMENT
1-NEW MOON the sunlit side of the
moon is not seen on Earth.
2-WAXING CRESCENT
3-FIRST QUARTER
4- WAXING GIBBONS
5-FULL MOON the sunlit side of the
moon is seen entirely.
6-WANING GIBBONS
7-THIRD QUARTER
8-WANING CRESCENT
Can You label the phases of the moon?
What Are Eclipses?
 The
moon’s orbit around
Earth is slightly tilted with
respect to Earth’s orbit
around sun, but occasionally
the Earth, moon and sun line
up in orbit. The moon comes
between the sun and Earth
and casts a shadow causing
an eclipse.
Two types
of Eclipses
1) Solar Eclipse
A solar eclipse is when the
moon passes directly between
Earth and the sun, blocking
sunlight from Earth. The
darkest part of the moons
shadow is called the umbra.
During a Total Solar Eclipse
the sky goes dark and eerie,
air cools you can see the
stars. In a Partial Solar
Eclipse the sun is somewhat
visible and the moon’s shadow
is called a penumbra.
2. Lunar Eclipse
When the moon moves near
Earth’s shadow, or when
Earth is directly between the
moon and sun. During a
lunar eclipse, Earth blocks
sunlight from reaching the
moon. Lunar Eclipses only
occur when there is a full
moon because the moon is
closest to Earth’s shadow at
that time.
Lesson 5- Tides
Vocabulary

Tide

Spring tide

Neap tide
Objective:
What are Tides?
What are Tides?

The Tide Cycle- the force of gravity
pulls the on and Earth, including
water on Earth’s surface, toward
each other.

Tides are caused mainly by
differences in how much gravity from
the moon and the sun pulls on
different parts of Earth.

At any one time on Earth, there are 2
places with high tides and 2 places
with low tides. As Earth rotates, one
high tide occurs on the side of Earth
that faces the moon. The second
high tide occurs on the opposite side
of the Earth.
The Suns Role in Tides
New Moon- sun, moon and Earth are nearly in line and
the gravity pull from Sun and Moon are on same side of the
Earth. This force creates a really big high tide and a really
small low tide. This is called Spring Tide
First Quarter Moon- Earth and sun and moon are at
90 degrees from each other. This arrangement cause a
Neap Tide, which is a tide with the smallest high tide and
smallest low tide. This occurs 2x a month.
Full Moon-
Sun and moon are on opposite sides of Earth.
This produces another Spring Tide. It doesn’t matter what
order the three are lined up, the gravitational pull is same.
Third Quarter Moon- What do you think???
Earth’s Moon
 Vocabulary
Maria
Crater
Meteoroid
 Objective-What
is the Moon Like?
1600s Galileo Galilei observed the moon’s
surface with a telescope
What is the Moon Like?
Features of the Moon!
-Dry and airless
-irregular surface
-Moon is small
-Large variations of its
surface Temperature
Surface Features
Maria- Dark, Flat area formed
from huge lava flows that
occurred 3-4 billion years ago.
Highlands are some of the lightcolored features you can see.
The mountains cover most of
the Moons surface
Crater- Large round pits that can be
hundreds of kilometers across. They were
caused by the impacts of meteoroids
(chunks of rock or dust from space)
More Moon Facts!!!
Size and Density
-Moon is 3,476
kilometers across, a
little smaller than the
distance across the US
or ¼ Earth’s diameter.
-Moon has 1/80th the
mass of Earth.
-Moons density is
similar to Earth’s outer
layers
-Moons gravity is 1/6th
of Earth’s.
Temperature and Water
-At moon’s equator, temp
range from 130 degrees C
(266 degrees F) to -170
degrees C (-274 degrees F).
Temps range so much
because the moon doesn’t
have an atmosphere, and
the gravity is so weak that
gases escape easily.
-2009 scientists
determined that there is a
thin layer of water on the
moons soil.
Origins of the Moon
-How the moon formed
The theory that best
fits the evidence is
called the collision-ring
theory. 4.5 Billion years
ago, the solar system
was full of rocky debris.
Large rock collided with
Earth. Material from
the object and Earth’s
outer layers was ejected
into orbit where it
formed a ring. Earth’s
gravity clumped it
together=our moon!