Download Grade 10 Exam Review #3

Grade 10 Exam Review #3- Weather
1. List the five main layers of the atmosphere and their temperatures. Also, define
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tropopause. (terms and description)
Outermost layer- Exosphere
2nd outermost layer- Thermosphere
Middle layer- Mesosphere
2nd innermost layer- Stratosphere
Innermost layer- Troposphere
Tropopause- The border between the troposphere and
the stratosphere.
In a pie graph, illustrate the composition of the
atmosphere.
*See picture
What is the composition of the hydrosphere? (% fresh and salt water, Canada’s
freshwater%) *See picture
If the freshwater is 2.5% of the
Earth's hydrosphere and
underground water comprises 30.1%
of the freshwater, what percentage
of the Earth's hydrosphere is
underground water?
0.025x30.1% = 0.08% of hydrosphere
is underground water.
If the Pacific Ocean covers 46% of
the world's oceans (saltwater), how
much of the Earth's hydrosphere is
made up from the Pacific Ocean alone?
0.46x97.5% = 44.4% of hydrosphere is Pacific Ocean.
What is the danger of global warming for the Earth’s hydrosphere?
Future climate changes will depend on the hydrosphere (oceans). The worlds’ supply of
freshwater might be altered drastically, ie glaciers and Arctic ice.
Describe the difference between weather and climate. (definitions)
Weather- Is a daily forecast of the temperature and conditions outside.
Climate- Is the average temperature and conditions of that weather.
Explain why we have distinct seasons in Manitoba. Include the effects of tilt, rotation and
revolution.
a. Axis tilt along with revolution is responsible for changes in the amount of heat various
areas of the Earth taken in during the course of the year in the Northern and Southern
hemispheres.
b. Earth's rotation is causing day and night on Earth.
9. Define perihelion and aphelion.
Perihelion is the closest point to the sun while aphelion is the point that is furthest away in
the revolution of the Earth around the sun.
10. The day on the moon is the same as a year because the rotational speed is one cycle every
month. What effect on global weather would this have if Earth did the same thing around
the sun?
The Earth would rotate once a year and that would mean one side of the Earth would be in a
constant day and the other side in constant night.
11. What would the effect on weather be if the Earth had no tilt?
The equator would stay hot all year and the poles would stay cold all year, and we wouldn’t
get any seasons plus we would have an equal day and night all year around.
12. Calculate the rotational speed of the Earth at the equator.
40,075 km (circumfrence) / 23.93hrs (for a whole rotation) = 1675km/hr, 465m/s.
13. Describe, using trigonometry how the rotational speed of the Earth can be calculated at any
latitude. Give an example.
Using this formula, you can find the rotation speed at any latitude.
cos(A) = B, B multiplied by 1675 (rotation speed at equator) = C {km/hr}
cos(45*) = 0.707, 0.707 x 1675 = 1184km/hr
14. Name three types of energy transmission and give an example of each.
Conduction- The transfer of heat between substances that contact each other. (Touching a
hot stove)
Convection- The transfer of energy from hot places to cold places, in a continuos loop.
(Earths atmosphere, cold air replacing hot air)
Radiation- The transfer of energy that does
not rely on contact, is sent through infrared
electromagnetic radiation. (The suns radiation
to the earth)
15. How does the atomic model and kinetic energy
connect with the concept of heat?
The motion of atoms and molecules IS how
heat is defined in science.
16. Draw a diagram of the Earth’s radiation
budget. Include major players in
albedo/absorption.
The albedo effect measures the reflectivity
of a surface. The land only absorbs 51%.
17. List four surfaces on Earth from highest to lowest albedo.
Snow- 0.40 - 0.95
Clouds- 0.30 - 0.90
Soil- 0.10 - 0.45
Asphalt- 0.05- 0.10
18. How do the following factors affect
the weather/climate of an area? a)
albedo, latitude, ocean currents,
prevailing winds, onshore + offshore
breezes, landlocked areas and areas
near bodies of water.
Albedo- The lower the albedo means
more heat is absorbed, making it
hotter.
Latitude- The closer to the equator
means more direct sun and more heat.
Ocean currents- The ocean currents
carry hot and warm water from the equator to the poles. Prevailing Winds- The winds that
blow around the earth generally carry heat from the equator to the poles as well.
Breezes- Onshore and offshore breezes is a circular pattern that creates convection
patterns which carry heat either away from the land or onto the land. Overall, they have a
moderating effect on an area.
Areas with or
without water- Areas closer to water gets those breezes which can warm up the land faster.
Landlocked areas have the opposite effect as breezes. Land usually heats up and cools off
quickly if there is no water to mitigate the loss or intake of heat.
19. How do the properties of air and water affect weather? (ie. Moderation of climate)
The oceans absorb a large amount of solar radiation which then distributes the heat around
the world. The air can also create 4 different types of fronts (cold, warm, stationary,
occluded)
20. In what two ways is energy from the equator transferred to the poles?
Energy can be transferred through the oceans and through prevailing winds.
21. Name four currents that are warm and four that are cold. How do currents affect weather
on land? Give two examples.
Typically any currents moving towards the poles are warm currents (Brazil, Gulf Stream,
Kuroshio, Agulhas) and any currents moving towards the equator are cold currents
(Labrador, California, Benguela, Peru). These currents can cool or warm climate near them.
22. What are the longest and shortest days of the year for Australia and Manitoba? Why are
they different? What and when are the equinoxes for the Northern Hemisphere?
Manitoba- Longest: June 21, Shortest: December 22.
Australia- Longest: December 22, Shortest June 21.
Because when one hemisphere is experiencing summer the other will be experiencing winter.
The equinoxes occur in March and September.
23. What is the significance of the Arctic and Antarctic Circles? Name respective latitudes.
In the artic the sun will be above the horizon for 24 continuos hours (Summer solstice) and
will be below the horizon for 24 continuos hours (Winter solstice)
Artic Circle: 66*[s] and Antartic Circle: 66*[s]
24. Draw and label an offshore breeze. Explain
how a convection loop is set up during the
night.
*See picture at top of the page.
25. During a phase change in a solid, liquid or
gas heat is either released or taken in.
Draw a diagram to show and label these
changes in heat. (latent heat).
*See picture at bottom of page.
26. How does a balloon filled with cold water
not break when a match is held under it
for an extended length of time?
Water has a large heat capacity which
means the water will absorb all the heat from the match, and the balloon won’t break.
27. Name two ways in which trees can have a cooling effect on the area around them.
A tree can be a natural air conditioner because of the evaporation from it, causing a cooling
effect as well as direct protection from the sun’s rays providing shade.
28. How is the density of ice unique and how is it necessary for the survival of marine life?
Ice is less dense then water hence it can float. As a result, lakes and rivers do not freeze
solid allowing marine life to exist during the winter.
29. Explain how latent heat is involved
in the creation of thunderstorms.
Thunderstorms occur when hot air
rises and mixes into cool air. The
air cools and condenses the water
in it releasing heat. This heat
carries the air mass higher which
cools even further. If brought
high enough, these water droplets
can freeze and release heat again
causing further updrafts. At the
tropopause high winds causes the
flat anvil shape of cumulonimbus
clouds.
30. Explain how prevailing westerlies
work in our midlatitudes and how
the Coriolis Effect influences
direction. Draw the major
prevailing wind patterns on a
diagram.
Westerlies blow the high pressure
air towards the poles on the
surface. As it does so it deflects
to the right which causes the prevailing westerlies. This is the Ferrel Cell.
31. Why are deserts often found around 30 degrees latitude?
This is because cool air descending from the Hadley Cell at this latitude has little moisture
and dries the land below it.
32. Explain the scientific reason why a cloud formed in a bottle and how this is a model of how
real clouds form.
Pumping the bottle forces the molecules to squeeze together or compress. This causes an
increase in evaporation. The bottle gets very humid inside. Releasing the pressure allows the
air to expand, and in doing so, the temperature of the air becomes cooler. This cooling
process allows the molecules of water to condense onto smoke particles which act as seed
nuclei to promote condensation. Clouds are nothing more than groups of tiny water droplets!
33. Explain how Bernoulli’s principle causes wind movement between high and low pressure
systems.
Bernoulli’s Principle states that when the speed of a fluid is high the pressure is low and
when the speed of a fluid is low the pressure is high. The denser higher pressure air will
always move to a less dense lower pressure air to seek a balanced equilibrium.
34. Describe what causes the jet stream to blow so strongly.
The jet stream forms when two air masses of very different temperature and pressure
meet up. The more drastic the temperature change, the faster the jet stream will be.
35. List the four major air masses of North America and which ones affect Manitoba’s weather
the most. What is a 'Colorado Low' and why are we afraid of it?
Continental Arctic, Continental Polar, Maritime Polar, Maritime Tropical.
Continental Polar affects Canada the most and the Colorado low is a maritime tropical air mass that
occasionally makes its way as far north as Manitoba meeting a continental polar air mass dumping
its load of moisture in the form of a blizzard or similar weather feature.