Download Farras Azzah Alzahra Farras 1 Let`s learn about Cell! What is cell

 Farras 1 Let’s learn about Cell!
What is cell? Cells are the basic unit of the life, without it we probably can be
here breathing, walking on Earth. Cells are the small compartments that hold all of the
biological equipment necessary to keep an organism alive and a successful on Earth.
Some bacterial are single cell or we Unicellular and more than one cell that called as
Multicellular. It contains genetic material, proteins, lipids, carbon dioxides, salts, and
other substances. Humans may have hundreds of types of cells. Some cells are used to
carry oxygen or O2 through the blood (red blood cells) and others might be specific to
the heart. Cells located in anywhere, every organ must have more than one cells.
Every living creature in this Earth must have cells, like animals, plants, and human
being. There are prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic is for the bacterial cells
and the eukaryotic is for the fungi, animal and plants cells.
This is the prokaryotic cell or the bacteria cell. As you can see this cell looks like a
capsule. Each organelle has their own job to make the bacteria alive.
Azzah Alzahra Farras Farras 2 This cell is the eukaryotic cell or animal cell; you can only find it inside of animal
body. The organelles of this cell is also has their own jobs to make the organ of
animal’s body working.
And the last one, this cell is the plant cell.
After you see how those cells look like, now I want to give the function of each
organelle in each cell.
Azzah Alzahra Farras •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Farras 3 Cell wall: It surrounds the cell, protect and support cell, it gives shapes to
cells; you can only find this in the plant cell and the prokaryotic. Animal cells
don’t have this.
Cell Membrane: Also known as plasma membrane, a thin layer or fat and
protein, and it also filters and controls the entry of substances into and out of
cell.
Vacuole: Vacuole is a fluid, it contains water and dissolved minerals, it helps
to maintain the cell shape, most plant usually has one large vacuole, but
animals have smaller vacuole.
Cytoplasm: It’s a jellylike material. Contains the cells’ organelles, Located
between cell membrane and nuclear membrane
Nuclear Membrane: Membrane that surrounds the nucleus, it holds the nucleus
together
Nucleus: Located in the center, bounded by nuclear membrane, it contains the
info to run or control the cell. Usually called as the brain of cell.
Nucleolus: located inside a nucleus, it contains more genetic information
(DNA)
Centrosome: Also called as “Microtubule organizing center”, it’s a small body
near nucleus with a dense center and radiating tubules.
Chloroplast: It’s an elongated, disk shaped, it contains chlorophyll, the place
where photosynthesis takes place.
Ribosome: The site where proteins are made, it’s a tiny spherical bodies.
Found in cytoplasm or attached to the ER
Golgi Apparatus: Also called as “Golgi complex” located near nucleus, it
packaged the proteins and carbohydrates, stores and releases chemical.
Mitochondria: Power of cell, It release energy for cell functions, they are
spherical to road-shaped.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Connects the nuclear membrane to the cell
membrane,
Rough ER: transport materials through the cell and produces proteins
Smooth ER: Transport materials through the cell.
Lysosome: It’s a digestion machine, it’s a small structure and single
membrane that contains enzymes which are used in digestion.
Every part of the cell responsible for the human, plants, and animals’ growth
and development. The growth and development is called as mitosis and cytokinesis.
What mitosis? Mitosis is responsible for copying and dividing DNA and it has four
stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What are prophase and metaphase? Prophase is the first phase of mitosis. It’s
the resting phase of the cell cycle. In prophase, the chromatin condenses into discrete
chromosomes. Metaphase consists chromosomes that aligning in the center of the cell.
Metaphase is the second stage of cell division between prophase and anaphase.
Chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.
What is anaphase? Anaphase is a stage of meiotic cell division in the
chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.
Anaphase begin when the chromosomes break at the kinetochore and the sister
chromatids begin separating to opposite ends of the cell itself.
Azzah Alzahra Farras Farras 4 What is Telophase? Well, Telophase is the actually the final stage of mitosis.
During telophase, sister chromatids finish moving to opposite ends of the cell and
they are released from the spindle fibers. It placed between anaphase and interphase.
In which chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.
What is Interphase? Interphase is a non-mitotic portion of the cell cycle and it
consist three sections. The phases of Interphase are G1, S, and G2. This interphase is
the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell. It placed between the
first and the second divisions of meiosis.
There’s also cytokinesis. It’s also one of the parts of the cell. Do you know what is
Cytokinesis? Cytokinesis works inn plant cells. It involves the construction of a cell
plate. It constructed it between what will become two daughter cells. It’s a
cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis. It bringing about the separation
into 2 daughter cells.
How do cells move substances into and out of them? There are diffusion,
osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is the movement of substances from the
higher concentration to a lower concentration, osmosis is the movement of water from
higher concentration to a lower concentration, and active transport is the movement of
substance from the lower concentration to the higher concentration.
Who investigated cells? Robert Hooke. Well there are other scientists like Han
& Zacharias Janssen, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph
Virchow but most of them only discovered microscope and made simple microscope.
Robert Hooke was the first person who study and record cells by using a microscope.
This microscope is a microscope that
made by Robert Hooke. His own
ideas involved his observational skills
and his mechanical skills. He
observed plants, animals, rocks, sea,
and cliffs around him. Mechanical
toys and clocks fascinated him; he
made many things from woods.
Azzah Alzahra Farras Farras 5 References:
http://wagoodvdfilmtv.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/1308558663-89.jpg
http://bio3400.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch02/02_01-animal-cell.jpg
http://www.ehow.com/about_6738206_life-­‐cycle-­‐plant-­‐cell.html Azzah Alzahra Farras