Download Climate Introduction

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APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
CLASS TWO - CLIMATE
Macroclimate and Microclimate
Part 1: Climate Overview
John Seitz, RA, LEED AP
Assistant Adjunct Professor
Professor Paul C. King, RA, AIA, ARA
Assistant Professor
LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
First considerations
The central purpose of planning is to create for any person or group of
people an environment suited to their needs. Our first steps are ….
1. To select a site ensuring that the selected region and site can support
client needs and the program. This requires knowledge of the overall
climate, Macroclimate, the regional climate Mesoclimate and local
site environment, Microclimate.
Macroclimate
Mesoclimate
Microclimate
1. Once a site has been chosen we must respond to the climate in our
choices of site and building strategies. We may both …
•
Shape the building and site to respond to the climate.
•
Shape the building and site to modify the climate.
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
Climate Defined:
The prevailing weather conditions of a region averaged
over a series of years.
Weather conditions that influence climate include …
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
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temperature
humidity
precipitation
wind
access to sun
Weather conditions in turn are influenced by …
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topography
latitude
elevation
adjacency to large bodies of water or land features
(oceans, lakes, deserts, mountains)
LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
Average Temperature (NOAA data)
US temperatures
Average Annual Precipitation (NOAA data)
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Average Wind at 80 meters (NREL data)
Average available solar power (NREL data)
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
Climate
How well do we know our climates?
How often does the sun shine (on an annual basis) in
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
Pittsburg?
New York City?
Los Angeles?
Phoenix?
45%
58%
71%
85%
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
Alaska includes both Zones 7 and 8.
Zone 1 also includes Hawaii, Guam, Puerto
Rico and the US Virgin Islands.
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Current continental US Climate Zones as defined by the International Energy
Conservation Code (IECC) and the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
The 7 simplified US continental climate zones. The sub-arctic climate zone, not
shown on the map, appears only in Alaska. As defined by USDOE Build America
© 2010
Simplified US Climate Zones
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
Hot humid
Miami, FL and Savannah, GA
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
Hot dry
San Diego, CA and Phoenix, AZ
CLIMATE
CHANGE
Mixed dry
Amarillo, TX
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
Mixed humid
New York, NY and Atlanta, GA
Cold
Chicago, IL, Albany, NY
Very Cold
Fargo, ND
Marine
San Francisco, CA
Sub Arctic
Nome, Alaska
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
Climate - Role of water
Water moderates the climate by reducing the temperature extremes
(water heats up and cools down more slowly than land)
Day- warm air rises off the land pulling breezes onshore
Night- warm air rises off the water pulling breezes offshore
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
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This is due to waters high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of heat,
measured in calories, required to raise the temperature of one gram of a
substance by one Celsius degree. Water has the highest specific heat of 1.
LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
Climate - Role of land forms
Wind drives air up a
slope, the air cools and
drops moisture.
Windward slope
(the side exposed to the
wind or to prevailing
winds ) tends to be cool,
humid and vegetated.
(California, Seattle
Washington, Oregon)
Leeward slope
(the side away from the
wind) is warm and dry.
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(New Mexico, Arizona,
Nevada, Colorado)
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
Climate - Role of elevation
At greater elevations the air is thinner and the temperature is colder (because
the air is capable of holding less heat)
The temp drops 5 degrees Fahrenheit for every 1,000 feet, assuming the air is
dry, or 3 degrees F if the air is saturated. This is called the adiabatic lapse rate
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
The Sun and Climate
The sun is the source of all terrestrial energy and it sets in motion the thermal
currents of the oceans and the winds. We cannot alter the suns global affect.
The Sun
Since the sun is the source of all terrestrial energy
differences in climate are created by influences that
effect this energy after it reaches the earth.
Factors that create climactic differences do so by
modifying the heating effects of the sun.
Macroclimate
On the largest scale Macroclimate is the climate over a
large area or region. It may be influenced by the
location (latitude) or large changes in geography
including mountain ranges and oceans.
Mesoclimate
The climate of a smaller area like a city that differs
from the surrounding climate and may be influenced by
local factors both natural and man made.
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CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
Microclimate
The smallest area of local climate that can be as small
as the differences in weather on different sides of a
small building or on the inside of a garden wall.
More energy reaches the surface of
this planet every day from the sun than
we currently consume in ten years.
The Sun and Climate
The seasons are caused by the tilt of
the earth. the earth rotates around the
sun changing the amount of radiation
exposure in the different hemispheres.
The Winter and Summer Solstices as
well as the equinox are all dependent
upon the tilt of the earth’s axis.
The Earth’s tilt creates the seasons.
The Winter Solstice
On December 21st the sun is at its
lowest point in the sky and we receive
the fewest hours of daylight
The Equinox
On September 21st and March 21st the
sun is halfway between its highest and
lowest points and we receive equal
amounts of daylight and nighttime
hours.
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The Summer Solstice
On June 21st the sun is at its highest
point in the sky and we receive the
greatest hours of daylight.
Image Source:
The Passive Solar Energy Book
by Edward Mazria
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
The Sun and Climate
In June at noon:
At 40 degrees North
Latitude (NYC) the sun is
almost at an angle of 75
degrees.
In December at noon:
At 40 degrees North
Latitude (NYC) the sun is
at an angle close to 28
degrees.
Image Source:
The Passive Solar Energy Book
by Edward Mazria
The Sun and Climate - Latitude
Polar Zones:
Begin at 66.5 degrees north and south latitude and extend to the poles.
Temperate Zones:
Are located between 66.5 degrees (the Arctic and Antarctic Circles)
and 23.5 degrees (the Tropic of Cancer in the North and the Tropic of
Capricorn in the South).
Tropical Zone:
Is located between 23.5
degrees the Tropic of
Cancer and the Tropic
of Capricorn and the
equator.
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Deserts:
Typically occur along
the tropic of Cancer or
the Tropic of Capricorn
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
The Sun and Climate – Solar Radiation
Not all Solar Radiation will reach the ground
It may be reflected, absorbed or diffused by the atmosphere
Reflected
31% is reflected by the upper
atmosphere
Absorbed
19% is absorbed by dust, ozone
and water in the upper
atmosphere.
Diffused
4% is diffused into the clouds in
the lower atmosphere.
Direct
47% of solar radiation hits the
earths surface.
Image Source:
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The Passive Solar Energy Book by Edward Mazria
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
The Sun and Climate – Solar Reflectance and Thermal Emittance
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
The Solar Reflectance
Index (0 – 100) measures
both reflected solar
energy and radiated heat.
It is defined so that a
standard black roof
membrane (reflectance
0.05, emittance 0.90) is 0
and a standard white roof
membrane (reflectance
0.80, emittance 0.90) is
100.
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
The Sun and Climate – Designing for the Sun
• When we design with the sun in mind we consider the angle of the sun at
different times of the year and at different times of the day.
• Seasonal changes in sun angles allow us to shape buildings to maximize
opportunities for all year daylight capture and cold season passive heating,
while shading to protect against the hot summer sun.
Morning and Evening Sun:
Will warm the East and West
exposures.
High Summer Sun:
Will warm the roof. In colder
climates we look to take
advantage of this while in hotter
climates we look to minimize the
impact.
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Designing an Overhang:
A south facing overhand will
block the high summer sun
reducing heat gain while the low
winter sun is allowed to enter
warming the interior.
NYC COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
Image Source:
The Passive Solar Energy Book by Edward Mazria
Building orientation and solar
energy intensity
• Building latitude, orientation and season have a
significant effect upon solar energy intensity.
• Each outer concentric circle represents a 2 degrees F
increase in temp.
• Each inner arrow represents 250 Btu/sqft/day.
It is possible to design your building to capture or
reject that heat based on thermal comfort needs.
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
The Sun and Climate – Designing for the Sun
In the Northern Hemisphere a buildings orientation is typically shown on a site
plan by indicating its position relative to north.
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
In the Northern Hemisphere:
The greatest amount of solar
radiation is on the southern
exposure and the least amount is
on the north.
North Exposure:
An appropriate design response
is to minimize glass to reduce
heat loss.
South Exposure:
The majority of the glass
exposure should take advantage
of the sunlight. A horizontal
overhang can help limit heat gain
in warmer climates and during
summer months.
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
East and West Exposures:
Are both treated in a similar
fashion with moderate glass and
vertical shading louvers.
Image Source:
The Passive Solar Energy Book by Edward Mazria
The Sun and Climate - Latitude in US
New York City (40 degrees NL)
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
The Sun and Climate - Charting the Sun
Standing in a single location we project the path of the sun onto a graph
marking its location for every hour from sunrise to sunset. The chart will
show.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
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BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
The sun’s altitude or angle
above the horizon
The sun’s azimuth or angle
relative to true North
for
Each month of the year
Each hour of the day
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
Image Source:
The Passive Solar Energy Book
by Edward Mazria
The Sun and Climate - Charting the Sun
This chart includes:
Month of the year
The chart highlights in red
the path of the sun for April
21st and August 21st
The Altitude of the Sun
At 12 noon the sun reaches
an angle of 60 degrees
above the horizon
Azimuth or
Bearing of the Sun
When the sun rises its
position on the horizon is
105 degrees east of south.
It sets 105 degrees west of
south.
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Time of the day
The sun rises just before
5:30 am and it sets just
after 6:30 pm.
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
OVERVIEW
THE SUN and
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
CLIMATE and
BUILDING FORM
BIOCLIMATIC
DESIGN
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
SUN CHART
READING THE CHART
• PATH/DATE
• TIME
• ALTITUDE
• BEARING
The Sun and Climate - Charting the Sun
Reading the Sun Chart
Revit Step by Step – Still View
Revit Step by Step – Solar Study Animation
TRACKING THE PATH
• 5 AM
• 7 AM
• 9 AM
• 12 NOON
• 3 PM
• 5 PM
• 7 PM
REVIT TUTORIAL
• STILL VIEW
• SOLAR STUDY
EXERCISES
• NEW MONTH
• NEW LOCATION
• Q&A
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The Sun and Climate – Designing for the Sun Homework
SUN CHART
READING THE CHART
• PATH/DATE
• TIME
• ALTITUDE
• BEARING
TRACKING THE PATH
• 5 AM
• 7 AM
• 9 AM
• 12 NOON
• 3 PM
• 5 PM
• 7 PM
REVIT TUTORIAL
• STILL VIEW
• SOLAR STUDY
EXERCISES
• NEW MONTH
• NEW LOCATION
• Q&A
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LECTURE TWO
CLIMATE
SUN CHART
READING THE CHART
• PATH/DATE
• TIME
The Sun and Climate – Designing for the Sun Homework
Reading the Sun Chart
Find the Angle and Calculate or draw.
• ALTITUDE
• BEARING
TRACKING THE PATH
• 5 AM
• 7 AM
• 9 AM
• 12 NOON
• 3 PM
• 5 PM
• 7 PM
REVIT TUTORIAL
• STILL VIEW
• SOLAR STUDY
Remember your trigonometry
EXERCISES
• NEW MONTH
• NEW LOCATION
Sine of Angle = o/h
• Q&A
Cosine of Angle = a/h
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Tangent of Angle = o/a
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APPLIED ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
CLASS TWO - CLIMATE
Macroclimate and Microclimate
See Solar Study Activities Using Revit
See Part 2: Climate Change
John Seitz, RA, LEED AP
Assistant Adjunct Professor
Professor Paul C. King, RA, AIA, ARA
Assistant Professor
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