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Slide 1 ___________________________________ Principles of Behavior Learning Chapter Five ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 2 ___________________________________ Definitions • Learning-the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior. • Conditioning- acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well defined stimul. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 3 ___________________________________ Types of Conditioning • Classical Conditioning- (Pavlovian)-the process of learning to associate two stimuli. • Operant Conditioning- (Instrumental)- the process of learning to associate a response and its consequence. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 4 Classical Conditioning • • • • Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Unconditioned Response (UR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 5 ___________________________________ Before Conditioning: • Bell(CS) No Response • Food (US) Salivation(UR) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 6 ___________________________________ During Conditioning Bell followed by Food (US) Salivation After Conditioning Bell (CS) Salivation (CR) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 7 ___________________________________ Classical Conditioning in Humans ___________________________________ • Phobias • Desensitization Therapy ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 8 ___________________________________ Operant Conditioning • Involves learning association between an organism’s behavior and resulting events. • Law of Effect (Thorndike)-consistently rewarded behavior will be likely to recur (stamped in) while behavior that brings about discomfort will be stamped out….also known as the Principle of Reinforcement. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 9 ___________________________________ Types of Reinforcement • Reinforcer- a stimulus that follows a behavior, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. • Positive Reinforcer-adds something rewarding to a situation. • Negative Reinforcer-removal of an aversive stimulus. NEGATIVE REINFORER ID NOT A PUNISHING EVENT…IT IS THE REMOVAL OF A PUNISHING OR AVERSIVE EVENT. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 10 ___________________________________ Punishment • Def. any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur. • Drawbacks to punishment ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 11 Stages involved in Conditiong: Classical & Operant • Response Acquisition-building phase of conditioning during which the likelihood or strength • Classical• Operant– Motivation – Skinner box – Shaping ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 12 ___________________________________ • Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery-how long does learning last, and once lost, can it be recovered. ___________________________________ • Classical Conditioning• Operant Conditioning-undergoes interference from other behaviors when the original behavior is no longer rewarded. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 13 ___________________________________ • Generalization & Discrimination– Stimulus Generalization – Response Generalization – Stimulus Discrimination – Classical Conditioning – Operant Conditioning ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 14 ___________________________________ New Learning based on Original Learning • Classical Conditioning-Higher order conditioning. • Operant Conditioning – Primary Reinforcers – Secondary Reinforcers ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 15 ___________________________________ Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous Reinforcement • Partial Reinforcement (4 schedules) – Fixed ratio -reinforce behavior after a set number of responses – Variable ratio-provide reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses. – Fixed interval- reinforce the first response afte a fixed time period. – Variable interval-reinforce the first response after varying time intervals. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 16 ___________________________________ Cognitive Learning • Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable. • Social Learning Theory • Bandura’s BoBo Doll experiment ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________
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