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...And Jesus Moonwalks
the Mississippi
Study Guide
Compiled By
!
!Emily Denison
!
Alison Maloof
and
Table of Contents
Play Summary and Character List
3
1863 Fast Facts
4
The Civil War
5
The Black Experience
6
Soldiers
7
Every Day Life in the Civil War Era
8
Jesus
10
Demeter
11
Other Mythology
12
2
The Play
SUMMARY
AND
CHARACTER
LIST
Playwright Marcus Gardley at work.
Miss Sippi tells us the story of Damascus, a fleeing slave who gets
caught by the Confederate army and hung from The Great Tree. The
tree saves his life, and he becomes a woman, Demeter, and is given
three days to save all those who died never knowing freedom by
finding a child who can part the sea.
Meanwhile, Jean Verse is fed up with fighting in the war, and decides
to leave the army to go home. He wants to find his love, a slave
named Po’em, and run away with her. He meets Yankee Pot Roast
and enslaves him, forcing him to follow him home to Louisiana
carrying his bags. When Yankee tries to escape, he gets injured by
enemy soldiers, and Jean carries him the rest of the way back to
Louisiana.
Jean’s family (Wife, Cadence and daughters Blanche and Free) is
struggling to survive. Their only remaining slave, Brer Bit, pretends
to be a faithful servant, but plots the family’s deaths when alone.
The women are on the verge of starvation and wary of the
advancing Union troops.
Demeter wanders into their cellar in search of food, and begins
providing for the women (tending to their vegetable garden and
slaughtering and cooking a pig) while questioning them about her
daughter (Po’em).
Po’em, it turns out, is dead, but before she died, she had a child with
Jean (Free). Brer Bit tells Demeter Cadence killed Po’em, and
encourages her to poison his mistress. Cadence claims Po’em died of
a broken heart. Demeter discovers her granddaughter, and takes
Free to the shore to part the sea.
Meanwhile, Jean has arrived at home. He forces Yankee to write a
letter to his family explaining that he is leaving them for Po’em and
then sets his captive free. Yankee kills Jean, and Brer Bit convinces
him to run to the house where he is so desperate for food that he
knocks over a lantern and sets the house on fire.
Free parts the sea, and Demeter passes through it to join her
daughter. Free chooses to stay behind. The play ends with Blanche
showing her the letter Jean wrote them.
The Characters
Blanche Verse--Free’s half-sister, she is the Verse’s
! daughter with Cadence.
Brer Bit--a slave in the Verse household, he plays
! the fool but secretly plots to take over the
! house.
Cadence Verse--Jean Verse’s wife. Always drunk,
"
she doesn’t take good care of Free and
! Blanche.
Damascus/Demeter--a slave searching for his
"
daughter, Po’em, Damascus is lynched. The
! Great Tree saves his life by turning him into a
! woman. As Demeter, he continues to look for
! his daughter.
The Great Tree--the tree of life/God
Free Girl--Jean Verse’s daughter by Po’em.
Jean Verse--a deserter from the Confederate army,
! he is trying to get home, not to his family, but
"
to his love, Po’em.
Jesus--Free Girl’s imaginary friend. He performs
! miracles...and the moonwalk.
Miss Sippi--the Mississippi river incarnate, she tells
! the story.
Yankee Pot Roast--a Union soldier whom Jean
! Verse kidnaps for a companion on his journey.
3
1863
The only known photograph of Lincoln’s
Gettysburg address. The president is at the
tip of the arrow.
FAST FACTS
January 1: The Emancipation Proclamation “frees slaves”
"
in the United States. In the South, which no longer
!
considers itself part of the Union, slavery continues.
Jan 31: The 1st all-black Civil War regiment, SC Volunteers,
!
is mustered into Union army.
January 8: Construction of the first transcontinental
!
railroad in the US begins.
January 9: The first subway train opens in London.
June 20: West Virginia becomes the 35th US state.
July 7: The 1st military draft in US history is declared.
!
Exemptions cost $300.
July
!
!
!
11-16: Angry about the draft, the citizens of New
York riot in the streets. The riots become extremely
violent, and countless black citizens are murdered in
the streets.
July 30: In response to the cruel treatment of captured
!
black soldiers, President Lincoln issues the "eye-for-eye"
!
order to shoot a rebel prisoner for every black
!
prisoner shot.
September 4: The women of Mobile, Alabama, begin
A drawing of the New York
Draft Riots.
"
!
!
!
looting stores and threaten to burn the city if the
Confederacy won’t either provide them with help or
end the war. Though ordered to, the soldiers nearby
refuse to stop the women.
November 19: President Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg
"
Address which begins “Fourscore and seven years
!
ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new
!
nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the
"
proposition that all men are created equal.”
Just For Fun:
James L. Plimpton patents the first four-wheeled roller
skates.
P.T. Barnum stages the wedding between General Tom
Thumb (2’ 11” tall) and Lavinia Warren (2’ 8”). The
wedding (and the wedding party that greeted its 2,000
guests from atop a grand piano) makes front page news.
On October 3, President Lincoln issues a proclamation in
favor of a day for giving thanks. This later becomes
Thanksgiving.
The wedding of General
Tom Thumb and Lavinia
Warren.
4
The Civil War
A Civil War era army unit.
A BRIEF
HISTORY
The War Begins: Why the Civil War Happened
The American Civil War, contrary to
popular belief, was not about slavery.
Though certainly this divisive issue was
key in driving the wedge between North
and South that eventually cracked the
Union in two, the essential difference of
opinion was ultimately the same one that
continues to haunt American politics: the
argument between those in favor of
states’ rights and those in favor of a
strong, involved Federal government.
In Antebellum America, the South
championed the former cause while the
North championed the latter. This meant
that the North believed that the federal
government should be strong in order to
guarantee all men equal rights,
something they thought would bolster
War and the
American
People
economic progress. The South, more
concerned with social graces and moral
values, felt that democracy was purer
and the people better served by a
strong, local government. It was their
belief that the fundamental, regional
differences in states made it impossible
for a central body to govern in favor of
all.
In terms of slavery, this meant that
the North wanted the federal
government to ban slavery everywhere,
while the South believed that the states
should have a right to determine for
themselves. For years, the two factions
had struck compromise after
compromise, solving the disagreement
only briefly before it sprang up again.
The election of Northern favorite
Abraham Lincoln in 1860 was the last
straw. Fearing the implications for the
South, states began to secede from the
Union.
The lame duck, Buchanan, chose not
to act, passing the buck to the incoming
President, but Lincoln did not have that
luxury. He could choose to compromise,
more or less abandoning the principles
upon which he ran for president to offer
concessions to the South. He could let
them go and begin maneuvering to hold
onto border states. His final option was
to go to war. For better or worse,
Lincoln chose the third option, and the
Civil War began.
The Civil War was the bloodiest in American history. About 3 million men between the ages of 10 and 59
served in combat, and about 618,000 perished, most from disease or mistreated wounds. Countless women
also served their country as nurses, scouts, and spies. Thousands spent time in hellish prison camps, and
families were torn apart as they fought on opposite sides of the conflict. Those who came home were
traumatized physically and emotionally by their experiences, and those they came home to were equally
changed by economic hardships faced while their breadwinners were away. The toll was greatest in the South
where approximately 43% of wealth was lost (not including the considerable financial investment lost along
with the freed slaves).
5
Black Experience
A Unit of African-American Soldiers
AFRICANAMERICANS IN
THE CIVIL WAR
African Americans in the Army and Navy
!
During the Civil war, there
was a lot of African American
involvement in both the Union
Army and Navy. If a slave
enlisted in the army, he was freed
and no longer a slave.
!
In the entire Union Army
10% of the soldiers were black.
As for the U.S. Navy 18,000
black men and women served,
which is about 15% of the total
enlisted. There were over 700
navy vessels, and AfricanAmericans served on almost
every one of them. The most
notable vessel was the Mississippi
Squadron, which was comprised
mostly of people of African
decent. Along the Mississippi
river, there were large
concentrations of black slaves
working on plantations.
!
For almost every three black
men in the navy born into slavery,
there was one man born free. On
the Mississippi Squadron alone,
34% of men were of African
descent, but even in this
squadron, free men were
separate from those who had
been freed by enlistment. They
were often put in more inferior
positions and rated and paid less
despite their capabilities as naval
officers.
Quilts and the Underground Railroad
There is much historical debate about the role quilts may have
played in the workings of the underground railroad. Many
believe that as innocuous items that were often seen drying on
fences, quilts could very easily have served as signposts along
the way to freedom.
In one theory, hanging a quilt with a particular block pattern
indicated a specific warning or action a fleeing slave ought to
take.
Life as a Slave
!
In 1860 3.9 million slaves were counted in a
census. Slaves struggled with constant punishment,
beatings, hard-labor, fifteen-hour days, and the
nightmares of being sold and losing their families,
not to mention the mentally damaging idea that they
could never make any life choices. The majority of
slaves worked on plantations or in agriculture with
cotton, tobacco, sugar, rice, or hemp. There was a
very large market for slaves in New Orleans and
along the Mississippi River as well as other southern
cities. About 400,000 people and more than half of
all people in the South were enslaved.
Underground Railroad
!
The Underground Railroad was a network of
people who helped slaves escape the South.
100,000 slaves from the South were freed through
the railroad between 1810 and 1850. A slave would
first have to escape his/her owner and then find the
first safe house. People would make trips with the
slaves to get them to the next safe place until they
reached the north.
!
One station for slaves to begin at was in
Donaldsonville, LA, which is on the Mississippi River.
Many slaves followed the river north towards
freedom and a new life.
6
Soldiers
YANKEE POT
ROAST AND
JEAN
A young, Civil War Soldier
Conditions on the Battlefield: Soldiers in the Civil War
The typical union soldier was in his
early 20’s. For the most part, men joined
up in the North thinking the war would be
over quickly or, later in the war, were
drafted into the army.
Unlike their Confederate
counterparts, the soldiers in the Union
Army were, for the most part, well-fed,
meticulously dressed and even had items
for personal hygiene included with his
rations.
The Union army suffered greatly from
deserters. Many of the soldiers had no
desire to be at war, having signed on in
haste or having been conscripted.
The Confederate soldier was also
likely to be in his early 20’s, though he
probably fought to defend his moral
beliefs rather than because he was
drafted.
Confederates suffered greatly when
their supply lines were cut off, and it was
not uncommon for soldiers to go without
food or pay. Uniforms were in even
shorter supply.
Desertion was less common in the
confederate army, though when
confederate soldiers did desert, it was
often to go home to protect their families
(their were rumors of Indian attacks) or to
feed them (since confederates often were
not paid and thus couldn’t send any
support home, where their families were
starving). This was if the fear of death in
battle or from starvation didn’t convince
them to run.
In both armies there was the
occasional teenager pretending to be old
enough to enlist, in addition to the rare
woman dressed as a man to join the fray.
Women also served as nurses, scouts, and
spies.
Prison Camps
About 410,000 soldiers spent time
in prison camps during the Civil
War. For the lucky ones, this
meant being confined for long
periods of time with nothing to do.
Unfortunately, many prison camps
were not so humane, particularly
in the South where the
Confederacy struggled to feed its
own citizens much less the
prisoners in its camps.
Activity!
Create your own secret code just like the ones used in freedom
quilts. Draw six symbols that guide your friends to safety, but make
sure your enemies can’t solve the code. Make sure the symbols are
simple, so you could draw them in the sand or sew them into a quilt!
7
Everyday Life
DURING THE
CIVIL WAR
Rose O’Neal Greenhow (a confederate
spy) and her daughter photographed
sometime between 1861 and 1864.
Fending for Themselves: Southern Women at Home
Life for Southern women was very
hard during the Civil War. Husbands,
fathers, and brothers all went to fight,
believing their families would be safe
and well provided for on their soldiers’
salaries. Unfortunately, the North cut
off supply routes to the South, making it
very hard of Southern families to get
food. Like Po’em does in the play,
slaves ran away, leaving women even
less help at home. Then, later in the
war, confederate soldiers didn’t get
paid. This meant that their families had
no money with which to buy the little
food to be found in stores.
The danger of starvation was very
real. Mobs of angry, desperate women
stormed through the streets of cities like
Richmond, Mobile, Macon, Atlanta, and
Augusta carrying banners and weapons.
They looted and destroyed everything
that came in their path. Sometimes, out
of pity for their plight, the police didn’t
even try to stop them.
The South was also where most of
the battles happened, so women also
had to worry about the invading army.
Sherman’s march through Georgia, for
instance, left a swath of burned homes in
its path. This was especially true in
African American school children in 1863.
Louisiana, where the play takes place,
since it bordered the Mississippi river.
Cutting off ports in Louisiana meant that
supplies could not get into the south from
the river. Many women took up arms to
defend their homes, while others joined
the army as canteen women.
Discussion
War always has an effect on the
people left at home. What kind of
effect have the wars in Iraq and
Afghanistan had on your life? How is
this similar to the Civil War? How is it
different?
Children and the Civil War
By the time the Civil War broke out in 1861, the role of children in the
home had changed a lot. Before this time, children were expected to be
miniature adults. They were expected to behave perfectly, and were
punished very harshly when they did not. They had jobs to earn money for
their families.
People had just started believing that children were in a separate stage
of life, preparing for adulthood. Wealthy children, like Free and Blanche,
were treated more like children are today. They weren’t punished harshly,
and they got love, attention, and free time to play.
When the war began, however, this changed rapidly, and children had
to take on very adult roles. Brothers dodged bombs to find food for their
siblings; sisters became responsible for caring for younger children. Much of
the loving attention children had just gotten used to receiving disappeared as
the war absorbed all of their parents’ attentions.
8
On the left is an idealized portrayal of
Southern women bidding their men
farewell. On the right is a depiction of
the Richmond Bread Riots.
An anonymous 17-year-old
widow quoted in Reluctant
Witnesses by Emmy E. Werner
I ventured to a front window
that faced the two roads
leading to the capital….
Looking out I screamed in
horror [at] the rush of Yankee
ruffians…. All day long the
men and wagons poured into
town…. No yards, no gardens
were spared in our ill-fated
village…. The soldiers…would
walk up the steps of the back
veranda on which we stood,
and throwing down the hams
and shoulders of our meat,
would cut them up…in our very
faces.
Next they found the sugar,
flour, lard, salt, syrup which
mother had stored away in a
cellar dug beneath one of the
Negro houses…. Like statues
mother and I stood looking on,
and saw them take all the
provisions we had, then kill the
milk cow and other stock about
the lot—saw them find the
wheat and grain we had
hidden in the attic behind the
wall; stood silent and sad as
we saw the “potato hill”
robbed,and knew that now our
last hope for food was gone….
That night we went to bed
supperless…. Sadly I had seen
the rice, sugar coffee, and lard
taken from the storerooms…but
sadder now was the thought,
“The cows are killed. I will be
so hungry I cannot nurse
Baby.”
CarrieClayton,
Berry
Francis
disguised
as a
Vivamus
est ipsum
man
in order
Feugiat
rhoncus, accumsan id, nisl.
to Lorem
fight ipsum dolor sit amet, lorem
ipsum consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Pellentesque nunc tellus, iaculis quis,
volutpat eget, bibendum ac, lectus.
Vivamus est ipsu vehicula nec.
Primary Sources: Children of the Civil War
From the recollections Mrs. James Devereux several years after the war
"
They said that the Yankees were coming. I had heard them talking about
the Yankees before, it seemed. I did not know exactly what Yankees were, but
I did know they were some kind of beast-animals certainly." "
"
Mrs. Devereux paused for breath, got up and walked to the window, then
sat down again. She resumed her narrative.
"
"I had never seen a Yankee in a zoo, but I always thought that I would
come across one of them there. I was convinced that they were animals with
horns. Today, I tell every Yankee I meet about my childhood fancies - thinking
they were animals with horns. It seems to amuse them...
"
"The Yankees were marching through," she continued. "I was much
surprised to learn that they were not beasts. One of them gave me a dime
and I was delighted. My ideas changed quick as a flash. After that I thought
the Yankees were fine. I wondered why my parents thought they were awful.
From the diary of 10-year-old Carrie Berry of Atlanta, Georgia
Aug. 2. Tuesday. We have not been shelled much today, but the muskets have
been going all day. I have done but little today but nurse Sister. She has not
been well today.
Aug. 3. Wednesday. this was my birthday. I was ten years old, But I did not
have a cake times were too hard so I celebrated with ironing. I hope by my
next birthday we will have peace in our land so that I can have a nice
dinner...
""
"
"
"
"
Nov. 12 We were fritened almost to death last night. Some mean soldiers set
several houses on fire in different parts of the town. I could not go to sleep
for fear that they would set our house on fire. We all dred the next few days
to come for they said they would set the last house on fire if they had to leave
this place.
Nov. 16 Oh what a night we had. They came burning the store house and
about night it looked like the whole town was on fire. We all set up all night.
If we had not sat up our house would have been burnt up for the fire was
very near and the soldiers were going around setting houses on fire where
they were not watched. They behaved very badly. They all left town about
one o’clock this evening and we were glad when they left for nobody knows
what we have suffered since they came in.
Activity!
Imagine you are a child or a woman living in Louisiana during the civil
war. Write a couple of diary entries about your life. Describe what
you’ve done that day. What kinds of things are you worried about?
What do you miss about your life before the war?
9
Jesus
THE MAN
AND
HIS LIFE
A Parable
Disciples Peter and John asked Jesus to
prove he was the son of God. Jesus
walked from boat to boat on the water
without falling in (shown above). In the
play, Jesus is too cool for that, so he
moonwalks on water instead.
His Birth
The Angel, Gabriel, appeared to Mary
and asked if she would bear the son of
God, and she agreed to do God’s will.
Mary was engaged to Joseph. He
wanted to end the engagement, but God
told him not to be afraid to marry her
because her child was God’s.
When the Roman government told
everyone to go back to their hometown,
Joseph and Mary returned to Bethlehem.
They couldn’t find a hotel, so they stayed
in a shed where animals were kept. This
is where Jesus was born.
A star appeared, and three wise men
traveled to see Jesus. Along the way,
The Savior in
Popular Culture
they met King Herod, who was jealous
of the new baby. He told the wise men
to return and tell him where Jesus was.
The men had a dream telling them not to
return to Herod. The king found out and
ordered all children under the age of
two killed. Joseph, Mary and the baby
fled to Egypt where Jesus was raised.
The Crucifixion
In ...And Jesus Moonwalks the
Mississippi, a group of confederates
hang Damascus. This event closely
parallels the crucifixion of Christ.
Christ went to Jerusalem, and the people
cheered his arrival; out of jealousy, the
chief priest arrested him. Pilot, as
governor of Jerusalem, reported to
Herod, who was drunk and just laughed.
Pilot didn’t know what to do, so he
asked the people of Jerusalem who he
should release, Jesus or Barabbas, a
murderer. They chose Barabbas.
The priests convinced the crowd to
crucify Jesus. As he was crucified, there
was an earthquake and thunder, and the
sky darkened.
Someone told Pilot Jesus would rise from
the dead in three days. Sunday morning
the women of the disciples (Jesus’ closest
followers) went to the grave. The soldiers
Pilot had standing guard were gone
because they were so frightened by
Jesus rising from the dead.
He appeared to several people including
the disciples as proof of his resurrection.
In the play, when Damascus is hanged,
his magic frightens the men away much
like the earthquake frightened away the
people of Jerusalem. He also rises from
the dead and visits people, and like
Jesus’ death atoned for humankind’s sins
and allowed them to go to Heaven,
Demeter frees the souls of people who
died before they knew freedom.
The word “Christ” is from the Greek
word for “anointed” or “messiah”; he
was called “Jesus, the Christ” which
was then shortened to Jesus Christ.
In the television show, South Park, Jesus has his own TV show, Jesus and Pals.
The Passion of the Christ (2004),directed by Mel Gibson, details the crucifixion of
! Christ.
The 2008 movie, Hamlet 2, features a song called “Rock Me, Sexy Jesus.”
10
Demeter
Persephone’s (lower right) return to her
mother Demeter (upper left) as rendered by
Frederic Leighton in 1891.
MYTHOLOGICAL
SOURCES
Demeter and Persephone
As goddess of agriculture, grain, bread,
and the Mysteries (which allowed
initiates a blessed afterlife), Demeter
was the ancient Greek goddess who
sustained humankind. The most famous
myth involving Demeter explains the
change of seasons.
In the myth, Zeus decides to give
Demeter’s daughter, Persephone, to
Hades in marriage. As Persephone is
picking flowers, she is enticed by the
Narcissus flower which, when she picks
it, opens up the earth beneath her feet.
Hades carries her away in his chariot,
but only Hecate and Helios can hear her
cries for help.
Distressed at the loss of her daughter,
Demeter dons a black cape and
wanders the earth in search of
Persephone. When Helios explains what
happened, Demeter shuns the company
of the gods and goes to live among
humans, eventually convincing them to
build a temple that becomes her home.
Because of her extreme grief and anger
at Zeus, the earth becomes cold and
infertile.
Knowing the Gods will no longer receive
tributes from the mortals if Demeter will
not grant them crops, Zeus allows
Persephone to come back. However,
since she ate some pomegranate seeds
while in the Underworld, she must return
to Hades for one third of every year.
Demeter’s grief over her daughter’s
absence causes winter (no plants grow
and it’s cold), and while Persephone is
with the gods Earth is warm and fertile
(spring, summer, fall)
Discussion
What are the similarities between the Demeter myth and ...And Jesus
Moonwalks the Mississippi? And what are the differences?
What character in the play can you compare to Persephone?
Why is this myth important to the play?
Demeter Facts
--Demeter has more than 30
different surnames that describe
different facets of her power
and the different places she is
worshipped.
--Demeter appears in the 1997
Disney film Hercules.
--Demeter could always be
recognized by the ear of wheat
and cornucopia (horn of plenty)
she carried.
--Much in the way that we say
“God bless you” when someone
sneezes, Ancient Greeks
dedicated sneezes to Demeter.
--Demeter’s Roman equivalent
was Ceres, the goddess of
growing plants, particularly
cereals (a word derived from
her name.)
11
Other Myths
Brer Rabbit and the Tar Baby from the book
Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings:
The Folk-Lore of the Old Plantation, 1881.
BRER RABBIT
OSHUN
GREEK UNDERWORLD
Brer Rabbit
Throughout many regions of Africa, there
are tales that include trickster characters;
many of which are rabbits or hares. These
stories were brought over during the slave
trade and combined with Native American
stories about similar characters to become
part of American Folklore. This blending
of cultures created the stories that we
know today as “Brer Rabbit” stories.
The characters’ adventures embody an
idea considered to be a universal creation
among oppressed peoples—that a small,
weak, but ingenious force can overcome a
larger, stronger, but dull-witted power.
The word “Brer” itself means brother, and
throughout these stories there are many
characters with that title like Brer Fox, Brer
Bear, and Brer Wolf. Brer Rabbit is the
trickster character who is at odds with Brer
Fox in many stories.
In one story, Brer Fox is very angry
with Brer Rabbit and decides to kill
him. Brer Fox makes a baby out of
tar and puts it on the side of the
road.
Along comes Brer Rabbit, and he
sees the baby. He greets him
several times with no response,
which angers Brer Rabbit. He
decides to hit him, but the tar just
sticks to his paws. He eventually
gets completely stuck, while Brer
Fox just laughs and taunts him with
ways to kill him (hang, drown etc.).
Brer Rabbit is too tricky for him and
convinces him to “kill” him by
throwing him in the briar patch,
which he does. The next thing Brer
Fox sees is Brer Rabbit sitting
behind him, wiping the tar out of his
fur.
The Goddess Oshun
Oshun is an Orisha (a diety or goddess)
of Yoruban clans of present day Nigeria.
She is the goddess of fresh waters. She
watches over the poor, she heals the sick
and she brings fertility and prosperity.
In some stories, she is a mermaid with a
fish tail. She is the mother of birds and
fishes.
When the people of western central
Africa left their homeland, they brought
this goddess to the Americas. Many
cultures took on the idea of this water
goddess. In Brazil and Cuba, she was
called Oxum, and in Haiti she was
Vodoun.
As with all Yoruban deities, she is
assigned a number, color, and a metal;
hers are 5, yellow or amber, and Gold or
bronze. The vulture and peacock are
sacred to her.
!
Water in Greek Mythology
Five rivers separate Hades from the world of the living, Acheron (river of woe),
Cocytus (river of lamentation), Phlegethon (river of fire), Lethe (river of
forgetfulness), and Styx (river of hate).
!
People were buried with coins in their mouths. When they reached Charon (the
ferryman of the rivers), the coin was the fee to get into the underworld. Someone
buried without a coin is doomed to roam the banks of the river for eternity.
"
If a god gives an oath upon the River Styx and doesn’t keep his word, then
Zeus would make that god drink from the river. It was so foul that it would make the
god lose his voice for nine years.
12