Download Articulations The following activities are designed to help you master

Articulations
The following activities are designed to help you master an understanding of articulations.
Articulations is an application of the bones and boney markings you learned about in previous
chapters. After you have read the chapter adequately, practice the following activities without using
your book to see what you know and what you need to work on. Understanding articulations will be
necessary for knowing muscles, their actions, origins and insertions.
TABLE: Root word definitions
The structural and functional classifications of articulations have root words. For instance, syn is the
root word in “synarthrosis” Mark a box next to the root word that the definition describes.
Word prefix
Syn
Amphi
Di
No movement
Little to no movement Free movement
X
TABLE: Categorizing the structural/functional categories of articulations
The categories on the left hand column on the table are ______________, whereas the top row is
divided into _________ categories. Mark the box which best relates the structural categories to its
function. Remember, some categories can have multiple types of movement.
Category
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Bony fusion
Synovial
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
X
Arrange the structural category from greatest mobility to least mobility.
________________________>____________________________>________________________
Arrange the three functional categories from strongest to weakest in terms of stability.
________________________>____________________________>________________________
Consider the stability of a joint in relation to its mobility. Using arrows link the functional to the
structural. Remember a wheel (circle) indicates its function (movement).
Structural
Functional
S
F
A
C
D
S
Use the following table to categorize articulation types. Place a check in one box of each row that
best corresponds to the structural category.
Category
Synostosis
Suture
Synchondrosis
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
Symphysis
Condyloid
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Bony Fusion
Synovial
X
Place a check in one box of each row that best corresponds to the functional categories.
If you know “suture” is structurally categorized as a “fibrous” joint then you know that it can function with either little to
no movement (amphiarthrosis), or no movement at all (synarthrosis). Using your knowledge of bones/features of the
skull, ask yourself whether much movement is permitted by the coronal, sagittal, lambdoid or occipital sutures. Hopefully
no movement is permitted by these sutures or our brains might fall out, therefor we can categorize it as synarthrosis.
Category
Suture
Synostosis
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
Synchondrosis
Symphysis
Monaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial
Notes:
Synarthrosis
X
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Articulation Characteristics: FILL IN THE BLANKS
Intervertebral discs are an example of a cartilage pad are structurally classified as _______ and
functionally as __________.
The tooth is bonded to its bony socket is a _________, a type of fibrous joint. It provides _______
movement.
The pubic symphysis is structurally classified as ____________, and it provides _________
movement.
Little to no movement is provided by a syndesmosis joint, classified as _________. Articulating bones
are limited in their movement by the presence of a _________.
In a synovial joint, bones do not directly articulate because of the presence of a __________ .
Hyaline cartilage and the articular cartilage of a synovial joint differ in two respects:
1) Articular cartilage lacks a _____________
2) Hyaline cartilage contains less fluid in its __________. This word was introduced in chapter 3.
The articular cartilage marks the completion of the _______ membrane.
Synovial fluid functions to reduce ________.
Joints containing synovial fluid are structurally classified as _________ and functionally classified as
_________.
Synovial fluid provides ________ for chondrocytes, as reduces _______ by absorbing ______.
A(n) _________ structure found in the tibio-femoral joint that is made of cartilage is the
____________.
Notes:
Draw and discuss the major components that are required characteristics of a synovial joint:
List and discuss the additional/accessory components that can be characteristic of a synovial joint:
MOVEMENTS:
Movements which decrease the angle between the object and its articulating surface are ________.
Increasing the angle is called _______________.
During ______ movement, a bone remains vertical as it turns around its longitudinal axis.
Condyloid joints are __________.
Circumduction is a __________ motion.
_______ motion describes an articulation where both objects have mobility in any direction.
Decreasing the angle of a joint is called _____, movement in the opposite plane is called _____.
MATCHING: Movements/Directions
Match the following types of movements with the motions listed below:
Moving arm from medial to lateral.
Turning head from left to right.
Pressing head against chest.
Head is in anatomical position.
Turning the sole of the foot laterally.
Bending the vertebral column to the side.
Turning the soul of the hand superiorly.
Moving shoulders superiorly.
Notes:
Extension
Elevation
Supination
Flexion
Abduction
Eversion
Lateral flexion
Rotation
An Introduction to the Human Muscular System: The Leverage System
Movement of most skeletal muscles involves a leverage system. A leverage system includes a fulcrum, resistance, and an
applied force. What is a lever? A lever is a rigid structure (bone) that moves on a fixed point (fulcrum). In other words,
bones of the human skeleton act as levers and all joints act as fulcrums. The resistance is the load or the tissues (bone,
muscle, overlaying connective tissue, etc.) being moved and the muscle contraction provides the force needed to move the
tissues. There are three classes of levers: first-class levers, second-class levers, and third class-levers.
F= Fulcum
and
, R= Resistance,
AF=Applied Force
1. First class-levers: In a first-class lever, the fulcrum is located between the applied force & resistance (just like a seesaw). In a see-saw, the resistance is at one end and the applied force is at the opposite end.
Label the parts of a first-class lever on the line below,
Example: Extending your neck
Fill in the blank.
When extending your neck, the atlanto-occipital joint is the
muscles provides the
, the posterior neck
, and the
is the weight of the head
2. Second-class levers: In a second-class lever, the resistance is located between the applied force and the fulcrum. In a
loaded wheelbarrow, the applied force is at the handle of the wheelbarrow and the weight of the load is the resistance.
Label the parts of a second-class lever on the line below, using the following symbols:
Example: Plantarflexion
Fill in the blank
When plantarflexion the ankle, the posterior leg muscles provides the
the foot is the
, and the
, the ball of
is the weight of the body.
Third-class levers: In a third-class lever, the force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum. For instance, when
using a pair of tweezers, the force is applied at the center of the tweezers and the resistance is the weight of the load.
Third-class levers are the most common levers in the body.
3. Label the parts of a third-class lever on the line below, using the following symbols:
Example: Flexion of the elbow
Fill in the blank
When flexing the elbow, the biceps brachii muscle provides the
radius, the elbow joint is the
, and the
at the proximal end of the
is at the distal end of the forearm.