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Classification Causative organism (commonest only) Clinical features With focal source Skin Staphylococci S. pyogenes CNS N. meningitidis S. pneumoniae Ear or sinus S. pneumoniae H. influenzae Lungs S. pneumoniae H. influenzae Heart Streptococci Staphylococci Intravascular device Staphylococci, resistant GNR Abdomen Aerobic GNR Anaerobes Bone or joint Staphylococci H. influenzae No focal source AIDS S. pneumoniae Cardiac valve disease Streptococci, Staphylococci Specific Furuncles Erysipelas Meningitis Abscess ( Fig. 5 ) Otitis media Sinusitis Pneumonia Abscess Endocarditis Chemotherapy (typical) Flucloxacillin Penicilln Penicilln Penicilln Penicilln Ceftriaxone Penicillin Ceftriaxone Penicillin Fluclox ± Gent Vanco + Gent Ampi + Gent + Metro Ampi + Gent + Metro Flucloxacillin Ceftriaxone None, or local pus Peritonitis Abscess Osteomyelitis Septic arthritis Non - specific Dyspnoea Timentin + Gent Murmur Penicillin Emboli Fluclox ± Gent Community acquired GPC, GNR None specific Cefazolin + Gent Hospital acquired GPC, GNR, P. aeruginosa Wound, UTI, pneumonia Timentin + Gent Neonatal Group B streptococci, GNR, Listeria sp. Often none localising Ampi + Gent Neutropenia GPC, resistant GNR Often none localising Timentin + Gent Splenectomy S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae Often none localising Penicillin, Ceftriaxone Ampi, ampicillin; Fluclox, flucloxacillin; Gent, gentamicin; Metro, metronidazole; Vanco, vancomycin; GNR, Gram-negative rods; GPC, Gram-positive cocci. Representative infective causes of fever of unknown origin (FUO) Infection Bacterial Tuberculosis Enteric fevers Osteomyelitic Endocarditis Brucellosis Abscesses (esp. intraabdominal) Biliary system infections Urinary tract infections Lyme disease Relapsing fever Leptospirosis Rat bite fever Typhus Spotted fever Usual cause Mycobacterium tuberculosis Salmonella typhi Staphylococcus aureus (also Haemophilus influenzae in young children, Salmonella in patients with sickle-cell disease) Oral streptococci, Staph. aureus , coagulase-negative staphylococci Brucella abortus , B. melitensis and B. suis Mixed anaerobes and facultative anaerobes from gut flora Gram-negative facultative anaerobes, e.g. E. coli Gram-negative facultative anaerobes, e.g. E. coli Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia recurrentis Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae Spirillum minus (Spirillum minor) Rickettsia prowazekii Rickettsia rickettsii , Rickettsia conori Infection Usual cause Psittacosis Q fever Fungal Candidiasis Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis Viral AIDS Infectious mononucleosis Hepatitis Chlamydophila psittaci Coxiella burnetii Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Histoplasma capsulatum HIV Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) hepatitis viruses Causative agents of endocarditis in different groups of patients (in general order of decreasing importance) Patient group Major etiologic agents of infective endocarditis Oral streptococci and enterococci Staph. aureus Native valve Coagulase-negative staphylococci Gram-negative (enteric) rods Fungi (mainly Candida ) Staph. aureus Oral streptococci and enterococci Intravenous drug misuse Gram-negative (enteric) rods Fungi (mainly Candida ) Coagulase-negative staphylococci Coagulase-negative staphylococci Staph. aureus Prosthetic valve (early) Gram-negative (enteric) rods Oral streptococci and enterococci Fungi (mainly Candida ) Oral streptococci and enterococci Coagulase-negative staphylococci Prosthetic valve (late) Staph. aureus Gram-negative (enteric) rods Fungi (mainly Candida )