Download Test 2наConcept Review Surface Heating: 1.) What phenomenon is

Test 2­ Concept Review Surface Heating: 1.) What phenomenon is shown in the image to the left? Urban Heat Island 2.) Why are temperatures highest in the downtown area? Buildings, roads, and other infrastructure replace open land and vegetation. Surfaces that were once permeable and moist become impermeable and dry.1 These changes cause urban regions to become warmer than their rural surroundings, forming an "island" of higher temperatures in the landscape. From EPA Pressure systems: 3.) Label the high pressure system with an “H” and the low pressure system with an “L”. H is inside 1024mb isobar, L is inside 996 isobar. 4.) Use arrows to indicate which direction the air would be flowing around each system. Clockwise around the High and counterclockwise around the low. 5.) What would weather be like near the low pressure systems? Why? Low pressure systems tend to produce what we consider bad weather. Air in a low pressure system rises. As the air rises it cools and the water in the air condenses and forms clouds. In Test 1, students added a small amount of water and air to the bottle using a Fizz pump. The temperature changed from 24o C to 28o C. The sides of changed from being flexible to rigid. Students released the added air. The temperature dropped to 25o C and the sides of the bottle were again flexible. Small drops of condensation appeared on the inside surface of the top of the bottle after the air was released. No cloud was observed. In Test 2, repeated the steps of Test 2, but with dust particles from the smoke of a lit match. The same temperature and pressure changes occurred. This time, after the added air was released, a small fog­like cloud appeared near the top and center of the bottle. Unlike the condensate in Test 1, the water was hanging in the air as mist. 7.) Why did the students notice cloud formation in the second test but not in the first test? What does this tell you about what is necessary for cloud formation? The dust particles in the second test gave the water vapor something to condense around. Clouds will form in low pressure when some sort of particle is available to condense around. Fronts: 8.) Label each of the fronts below as either warm, cold, stationary, or occluded. Top Left: Cold Front (Cold air forcing warm air up ­ notice the storm clouds) Top Right: Stationary Front Bottom Left: Occluded Front (notice the 3 air masses) Bottom Right: Warm Front (Warm air rising over colder air ­ wider area of clouds than in a cold front) 9.) Why does warm air rise above the cold air mass? Warmer is less dense than colder air. Think of the weather tank. The hot (red) water stayed on top. Air Masses: 10.) Label each of the air masses. 11.) maritime air masses are humid. 12.) continental air masses are dry. 13.) tropical air masses are warm. 14.) polar air masses are cold. Humidity: 15.) What is relative humidity? The amount of water vapor in the air compared to the amount of water vapor the air can hold at that temperature. (How full (%) is the air of water vapor?) 16.) Can cold air hold more water vapor than warm air? Why? NO ­ colder air is more dense than warmer air so it can hold less water vapor. 17.) If the amount of water vapor in air doesn’t change, why does relative humidity decrease as temperature increases? If the amount of water vapor does not change humidity will decrease as temperature increases because warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air. The air is “less full”. Think about the analogy of the chairs in class. If we have 25 chairs (the amount of students we can hold) and there are 20 students in the room we are 80% full. If the same 20 students (water vapor) now goes to a room with 100 chairs, we are then only 20% full. The number of students didn’t change but the capacity (relative humidity) did. Climate: 18.) What is the difference between weather and climate? Weather is the short term, daily atmospheric conditions. Climate is the long term atmosphic conditions the determine the patterns of temperature and precipitation. 19.) Why is cloud cover typical along the equator? The equator gets direct sunlight all year long and it is mostly over water. As the warm air rises, it cools and the water vapor condenses. 20.) Why do prevailing winds move at an angle and not straight up or down? NOTE: Temperature and precipitation scales are the same for all graphs. 21.) Why doesn’t temperature fluctuate in Kingston, Jamaica? It is on an island & it is closes to the equator than the other 2. 22.) Climograph A is representative of a location in which hemisphere? How do you know? A is in the southern hemisphere because the average temperature are lowest during June, July, and August. 23.) Climograph C most likely represents a location in which hemisphere? How do you know? C is in the northern hemisphere because it has the warmest temperatures during June, July, and August. Climate Factors: 24.) Which city will have similar weather year round? Why? D is on the equator ­ little to variation in amount of energy from the sun throughout the year means more consistent weather. 25.) Why might city E have lower precipitation than city F? E is landlocked and F is on the coast. Areas near the coast will have more humid air. E is also landlocked so it will have wider swings in temperature daily and throughout the seasons. The coastal location of F will keep its temperature more moderate (less extreme). 26.) Which city, A or B, will have more precipitation during the year? Why? A will have more precipitation than B because it is on the windward side of the mountains. The air is forced upward by the mountain. As it rises it cools and condenses into clouds. B is drier because the as the air falls back down that side of the mountain it warms and little condensation can occur. 27.) If City C is located at the top of the mountains, why might it’s temperatures be lower than the other cities? Air at higher altitudes is less dense and can therefore absorb less solar radiation. As altitude increases, average temperature decreases. Solar insolation: 28.) What is solar insolation? The amount of incoming solar radiation (energy from the sun) at any point at a given time. Measured in watts/m2 29.) Sketch a line on the graph that is representative of each of the following locations: ­
equator straight horizontal line. ­
north & south pole 0 during winter, high during summer ­
northern and southern mid­latitude higher in summer and winter but nearly as extreme as the poles. ­
See graph below. 30.) What is the relationship between temperature and solar insolation? Temperature and solar insolation have a direct relationship. The more energy from the sun you get, the warmer you are. ***** This is an idealized graph. The real thing isn’t nearly as pretty, but it should help you get the idea.