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PHY 410 - Optics
Exam #1 - Study Guide
The first exam is almost here! Below is a list of questions, broken down by chapter, that
will help you think about possible content of the exam. However, there are certain items
that will definitely be on the exam. Please make sure you can do the following …
• Use the thin-lens equation and the mirror equation to find the final image location
and size for a multi-lens and/or multi mirror system.
• Draw a ray diagram to find an image in a lens system and/or a mirror system.
The exam will be closed book and closed notes. Please bring a calculator and a ruler (or
straight edge) for drawing ray diagrams. There will not be an equation sheet on the
exam, so please know the following formulas:
Formula
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1
1
=
1
2 1
=− =
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1 1 1
+ =
′
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=−
+
−
=
1
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=
=
,
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N.A. = sin
1
25
Name/Purpose
Snell’s Law
Imaging through a plane
refracting surface
Mirror Equation
Location in textbook
eq 2-1
eq 2-4
Thin-lens Equation
eq 2-29
Magnification
eq 2-16, 2-30
Lensmaker’s Equation
eq 2-28
Relative Aperture
eq 3-27
Magnification of
magnifier (image at ∞)
Numerical Aperture
eq 3-33
eq 2-12, 2-13, 2-14
eq 3-47
Here is a sneak peak at the exam which is composed of five parts:
• First part contains five multiple-choice questions
• Second part asks you to find the final location and magnification of an object in
an optical system
• Third part involves drawing ray diagrams and contains questions about material
from section 3-1 in the textbook
• Fourth part focuses on a particular optical system (e.g. camera, pinhole camera,
microscope or telescope) and might involve analyzing the chief ray or marginal
ray.
• Fifth part is a matching question focused on material covered in Chapter 20.
Chapter #1/Intro:
• What is particle-wave duality?
• How did the double-slit experiment contribute to our understanding of light?
• What is Wheeler’s delayed choice experiment?
• What is the quantum eraser experiment?
Chapter #2
• What is the difference between geometrical optics and physical optics?
• What is Huygen’s principle
• What is Fermat’s principle?
• What is the law of reflection?
• How does a plane mirror work?
• What is the Snell’s law?
• Why does a fish in a fish tank appear closer than where it actually is located?
• What is TIR? How do you determine the critical angle for TIR?
• How do you determine the image location in a plane mirror?
• How do you determine the image location in a plane refracting surface?
• What limits image formation?
• Do spherical mirrors result in perfect imaging?
• What is the mirror equation?
• How do you use the mirror equation to find the image from a reflective spherical
surface?
• What is the sign convection for mirrors (e.g. the sign convention of the radius
curvature, focal length, real image distance, virtual image distance)?
• What is the relationship between the focal length of a mirror and the radius of
curvature?
• Be able to perform make a ray diagram to find the image from a reflective
spherical surface.
• Be able to perform make a ray diagram to find the image from a thin lens.
• What is the lensmaker’s equation? How do you use it?
• What is the thin-lens equation? Be able to apply it to find image location and
magnification for a multi-lens system.
• How do lenses focus light?
• If they are not ideal for imaging, why are spherical lenses still used?
• Be able to attack all problems assigned from the textbook.
Chapter #3
• What is an axial ray? What is a marginal ray? What is a chief ray? What is an
extreme ray?
• What is an aperture stop, entrance pupil, and exit pupil? What role do they play in
an optical system?
• What is a field stop, entrance window, and exit window? What role do they play
in an optical system?
• How do you determine which element in an optical system is the aperture stop?
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How do you determine which element in an optical system is the field stop?
How do you locate the size and location of the entrance window, exit window,
entrance pupil, and exit pupil?
What is spherical aberration?
How does the size of the aperture stop affect the degree of spherical aberration?
What is chromatic aberration?
What is the Cauchy’s formula? Is it an empirical formula? What does that mean?
What is dispersion? How is it defined?
What is dispersive power? How is it related to the Abbe number of a material?
What has higher dispersion: drown glass or flint glass?
What is the role of prisms in binoculars? In addition to reducing the size of an
optical system, prisms can be used to do what to the image??
What is a pinhole camera and how does it work?
What is the effect of changing the pinhole size in a pinhole camera?
How does a pinhole camera differ from single-lens camera?
What is depth-of-field?
How does the size the aperture stop affect the depth of field?
What is the f/# of an optical system? What information does it convey? What are
some f/# settings for a camera?
What is a camera’s exposure time (aka integration time or shutter speed)?
What is the relationship between exposure time and F/#?
How does a simple magnifier work?
What is angular magnification? How is it defined in an optical system?
What information is encoded on a microscope barrel and what does it represent?
If shown a picture of a microscope objective, are you comfortable identifying
properties of the lens based on its labels?
Where is the exit pupil of a microscope located?
The field stop of a microscope is typically located where?
What are oil immersion lenses?
What is numerical aperture? How is it defined? What is the largest N.A. value for
air?
How does the magnification of a telescope depend on the focal lengths of the
objective and eyepiece?
Be able to attack all problems assigned from the textbook.
Chapter #20
• Which orientation is best to focus a collimated laser beam with a plano-convex
lens?
• What is ‘third-order’ aberration theory? How does it differ from the paraxial
approximation?
• What are the names of the five monochromatic aberrations?
• What is the wave approach to measuring the aberrations in an optical system?
• What is the only on-axis aberration?
• Which aberration has the strongest dependence on the aperture stop?
• What is the circle of least confusion?
• What is spherical aberration?
• What is coma?
• What is astigmatism?
• What is field curvature?
• What is distortion?
• What is the optical design behind an achromatic doublet? How can two lenses be
used to reduce chromatic aberration?