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The Muscular System
Chapter 4
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Overview of Structures, Combining Forms,
and Functions of the Muscular System
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Muscles
• Primary Function
– Make body movement possible
– Hold body erect
– Move body fluids
– Produce body heat
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Muscles
• Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
– my/o, myos/o
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Fascia
• Primary Function
– Cover, support, and separate muscles
• Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
– fasci/o
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Tendons
• Primary Function
– Attach muscles to bones
• Related Word Parts (Combining Forms)
– ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
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Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscles:
• Attached to bones of the skeleton
• Make body motions possible
• Voluntary muscles
• Striated muscles
(continues)
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Types of Muscle Tissue
(continues)
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Types of Muscle Tissue
Smooth muscles:
• Located in walls of internal organs, blood
vessels, and ducts leading from glands
• Move and control the flow of fluids through
these structures
• Involuntary, unstriated, and visceral muscles
(continues)
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Types of Muscle Tissue
(continues)
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Types of Muscle Tissue
Myocardial Muscle
• Form the muscular walls of the heart
• Myocardium or cardiac muscle
(continues)
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Types of Muscle Tissue
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Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
• Muscle innervation: stimulation of a muscle by
an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
• Neuromuscular: pertaining to the relationship
between a nerve and muscle
(continues)
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Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
• Antagonistic Muscle Pairs
– Contraction
– Relaxation
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Contrasting Muscle Motion
• Abduction: movement of a limb away from the
midline of the body
• Adduction: movement of a limb toward the
midline of the body
(continues)
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Contrasting Muscle Motion
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(continues)
Contrasting Muscle Motion
• Flexion: decreasing the angle between two
bones by bending a limb at a joint
• Extension: increasing the angle between two
bones or the straightening out of a limb
• Hyperextension: the extreme or overextension
of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
(continues)
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Contrasting Muscle Motion
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Flexion
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Extension
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Hyperextension
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Rotation and Circumduction
• Rotation: a circular movement around an axis
such as the shoulder joint
• Circumduction: the circular movement at the
far end of a limb
(continues)
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Rotation and Circumduction
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Circumduction
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Rotation
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Supination and Pronation
• Supination: the act of rotating the arm or leg so
that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is
turned forward or upward
• Pronation: the act of rotating the arm or leg so
that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is
turned downward or backward
(continues)
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Supination and Pronation
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Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
• Dorsiflexion: the movement that bends the foot
upward at the ankle
• Plantar flexion: the movement that bends the
foot downward at the ankle
(continues)
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Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
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Muscle Attachment
• origin is the fixed attachment,
• insertion moves with contraction.
- The action, or particular movement of a muscle,
can be described relative to the joint
or the body part moved.
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Sternocleidomastoid
Flexes and Rotates Head
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Masseter
Elevate Mandible
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Temporalis
Elevates & Retracts Mandible
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Trapezius
Extends Head,
Adducts, Elevates or Depresses Scapula
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Latissimus Dorsi
Extends, Adducts &
Rotates Arm Medially
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Deltoid
Abducts, Flexes & Extends Arm
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Pectoralis Major
Flexes, adducts & rotates arm medially
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Biceps Brachii
Flexes Elbow Joint
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Triceps Brachii
Extend Elbow Joint
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Rectus Abdominus
Flexes Abdomen
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External Oblique
Compress Abdomen
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External Intercostals
Elevate ribs
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Internal Intercostals
Depress ribs
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Diaphragm
Inspiration
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Forearm Muscles
Flexor carpi—Flexes wrist
Extensor carpi—Extends wrist
Flexor digitorum—Flexes fingers
Extensor digitorum—Extends fingers
Pronator—Pronates
Supinator—Supinates
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Gluteus Maximus
Extends & Rotates Thigh Laterally
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Rectus Femoris
Flexes Thigh, Extends Lower Leg
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Gracilis
Adducts and Flexes Thigh
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Sartorius
Flexes Thigh, & Rotates Thigh Laterally
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Biceps Femoris
Extends Thigh & Flexes Lower Leg
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Gastrocnemius
Plantar Flexes Foot & Flex Lower Leg
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Tibialis Anterior
Dorsiflexes and Inverts Foot
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
• bi– twice, double, two
• -cele
– hernia, tumor, swelling
• dys– bad, difficult, or painful
• fasci/o
– fascia, fibrous band
(continues)
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
• fibr/o
– fibrous tissue, fiber
• -ia
– abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
• -ic
– pertaining to
• kines/o, kinesi/o
– movement
(continues)
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
• my/o
– muscle
• -plegia
– paralysis, stroke
• -rrhexis
– rupture
• tax/o
– coordination, order
(continues)
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Key Word Parts and Definitions
• ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
– tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
• ton/o
– tone, stretching, tension,
• tri– three
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