Download 7.2 Summarize the consequences of the fall of the Roman Empire

7.2 Summarize the consequences of the fall of the
Roman Empire including the continuation of the Eastern
Roman Empire as the Byzantine Empire, Justinian and
the significance of Constantinople.
Rome ruled much of Europe around the Mediterranean for over 1000 years.
However, the inner workings of the Roman Empire began to decline starting
around 200 AD. By 400 AD Rome was struggling under the weight of its giant
empire. The city of Rome finally fell in 476 AD.
The Peak of Roman Power
Rome reached its peak of power in the 2nd century around the year 117 AD
under the rule of the great Roman emperor Trajan. Virtually the entire coastline
along the Mediterranean Sea was part of the Roman Empire. This included
Spain, Italy, France, southern Britain, Turkey, Israel, Egypt, and northern Africa.
Gradual Decline
The Fall of Rome didn't happen in a day, it happened over a long period of time.
There are a number of reasons why the empire began to fail. Here are some of
the causes of the fall of the Roman Empire:
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The politicians and rulers of Rome became more and more corrupt
Infighting and civil wars within the Empire
Attacks from barbarian tribes outside of the empire such as the Visigoths,
Huns, Franks, and Vandals.
The Roman army was no longer a dominant force
The empire became so large it was difficult to govern
Rome Divides into Two
In 285 AD, Emperor Diocletian decided that the Roman Empire was too big to
manage. He divided the Empire into two parts, the Eastern Roman Empire and
the Western Roman Empire. Over the next hundred years or so, Rome would be
reunited, split into three parts, and split in two again. Finally, in 395 AD, the
empire was split into two for good. The Western Empire was ruled by Rome, the
Eastern Empire was ruled by Constantinople.
The "fall" of Rome discussed here is referring to the Western Roman Empire
which was ruled by Rome. The Eastern Roman Empire became known as the
Byzantium Empire and remained in power for another 1000 years.
The City of Rome is Sacked
The city of Rome was thought by many to be unconquerable. However, in 410
AD, a Germanic barbarian tribe called the Visigoths invaded the city. They looted
the treasures, killed and enslaved many Romans, and destroyed many buildings.
This was the first time in 800 years that the city of Rome had been sacked.
Rome Falls
In 476 AD, a Germanic barbarian by the name of Odoacer took control of Rome.
He became king of Italy and forced the last emperor of Rome, Romulus
Augustus’s, to give up his crown. Many historians consider this to be the end of
the Roman Empire.
The Dark Ages Begins
With the fall of Rome, many changes occurred throughout Europe. Rome had
provided a strong government, education, and culture. Now much of Europe fell
into barbarianism. The next 500 years would be known as the Dark Ages of
Europe.
Interesting Facts about the Fall of Rome
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The Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantium, fell in 1453 to the Ottoman
Empire.
Many poor people were glad to see Rome fall. They were starving to
death while being taxed heavily by Rome.
Near the end of the Roman Empire, the city of Rome was no longer the
capital. The city of Mediolanum (now Milan) was capital for a while. Later,
the capital was moved to Ravenna.
Geiseric, King of the Vandals, sacked Rome once again in 455 AD. The
Vandals were an Eastern Germanic tribe. The term "vandalism" comes
from the Vandals.
Questions
1. Under which Roman emperor did the Roman Empire reach its peak?
a. Augustus
d. Diocletian
b. Trajan
e. Nero
c. Constantine
2. Around how long was Rome the major power in Europe and around the
Mediterranean Sea?
a. 100 years
d. 500 years
b. 200 years
e. 1000 years
c. 400 years
3. When the Roman Empire was split into two separate empires, what city was
the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire?
a. Rome
c. Constantinople
e. Thebes
b. Alexandria
d. Athens
4. What is the common name for the Eastern Roman Empire?
a. Byzantium Empire
d. Carthage
b. Ottoman Empire
e. Phoenicians
c. Persian Empire
5. Which group of barbarians sacked Rom in 410 AD signaling the start of the fall
of Rome?
a. Huns
d. Normans
b. Visigoths
e. Vikings
c. Franks
6. What caused Rome to decline and eventually fall?
a. Corrupt politicians and civil wars within the empire
b. The empire became too large to govern
c. Barbarian tribes such as the Franks and Vandals began to attack many
Roman cities including Rome itself
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
7. What year is considered to be the end of the Western Roman Empire and the
fall of Rome?
a. 117 AD
d. 476 AD
b. 347 AD
e. 614 AD
c. 410 AD
8. Who was Odoacer?
a. The last emperor of Rome
b. The Roman Emperor who decided to split the empire into two more
manageable empires
c. The barbarian who overthrew the last emperor of Rome and brought an
end to the Roman Empire
d. The leader and general of the Huns
e. King of the Vandals
7.12 Write an explanatory text to describe the Shah
Abbas and how his policies of cultural blending led to
the Golden Age and the rise of the Safavid Empire.
Key Terms:
• Golden age - is a period in which a society attains prosperity and cultural
• Achievements
• Heirs - a person who has the legal right to receive the property of someone
who dies
Shah Abbas was considered the greatest ruler of the Safavid Empire. The
Safavids under Abbas reached their height during his reign. His task at the
beginning of his reign was to rejuvenate the Safavid Empire.
Abbas had the difficult task ahead of him of turning the empire around and
reasserting its power in the Islamic world. As a result, Muslim culture enjoyed a
golden age. A golden age is a period in which a society attains prosperity and
cultural achievements. Many began to support the arts and learning.
Shah Abbas turned his attention to military matters first. He built a huge standing
army, a fighting force that is maintained in time of peace as well as war. Army
units were stationed at military posts throughout the empire to quickly put down
any trouble that broke out.
Abbas declared that all Muslims, whether Arab or non-Arab, were equal. This
policy helped persuade people throughout the couple to accept his rule.
Moving the capital also strengthened the Safavid Empire. The most loyal
supporters lived far to the east of the Umayyad capital of Damascus. To be
closer to their power base, Baghdad was made the new capital. Located on the
Tigris River, Baghdad (see map) lay on old east-west trade routes. It became a
busy marketplace and one of the world’s major trading centers.
Abbas also arranged new agreements with foreign powers concerning trade. The
economy made the Abbasids very rich. Trade had been established on the island
of Bahrain and in the Persian Gulf. With the establishment of the English East
India Company in 1600, the Safavid Empire renewed their trade routes. The
Safavid Empire was drawn into European affairs due to trading relationships.
Their involvement in European affairs included either a middleman for goods
from India or as an ally against the Ottoman Empire.
Shah Abbas was an insecure ruler who feared that he would be removed from
the throne by one of his sons. Abbas took over the throne by killing his on father.
For that reason, he killed his eldest son. He also stopped the practice of giving
provincial governorships to Safavid princes. It was tradition to expose the
empire’s heirs (a person who has the legal right to receive the property of
someone who dies) to government. The governorship was originally established
to prepare heirs for when they called to govern the thorn. Abbas feared that this
practice gave the princes too much power. This resulted in uneducated shahs
with no governing experience, which contributed to the empire’s decline.
Very little was done to protect merchants from attack from outsiders. The attacks
on merchant greatly hurt trade. The decrease in trade led to raised taxes. Tired
of their selfish behavior, several groups challenged Abbasid rule.
The more opposition the Abbasids faced from within their empire, the more open
they were to attacks from outside. In 1055, the Seljuk Turks from Central Asia
captured Baghdad. The Seljuk leader took over the empire, but they allowed the
Abbasid caliph to remain as a religious leader. Over time, the Seljuks converted
to Islam.
The Seljuk Turks began to expand the lands. In 1071, they captured Jerusalem.
By the late 1090s, they were threatening the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.
In response, the Christian countries of Europe launched several wars, called the
Crusades, to drive the Seljuks back. In 1258, a Central Asian tribe called the
Mongols over took Baghdad. They destroyed the city and killed the Abbasid
caliph. The Abbasid dynasty died with him.
The Safavid Empire was a short-lived one, particularly when compared to the
long-lived Ottoman Empire. During its short existence, the Safavid Empire was
established as one of Islam’s greatest dynasties. One of the most significant
achievements was the conversion of the Persian people to Shi’osm. This
conversion created a Persian nationalism that remains strong in Iran today. The
Safavid Empire eventually collapsed at to Afghan invaders.
Questions:
1. Which of these was a part of the Safavid "Golden Age"?
a. increased rights for women
b. a transition to Sunni Islam
c. the creation of a powerful navy
d. increased ties with Europe and China
2. Which Safavid capital city was constructed under Shah Abbas that
contained mosques designed by Persian architects, public baths, pools,
and bazaars with merchants from around the world?
a. Delhi
b. Isfahan
c. Istanbul
d. Samarkand
3. The Safavid Empire empire under Shah Abbas created a Golden Age by
borrowing ideas about technology from the Ottomans and Europeans, but
blended it with the literature and language of the ___________ who
previously ruled that region.
a. Egyptians
b. Mongols
c. Persians
d. Russians
4. Which of these did Shah Abbas accomplish while ruling the Safavid
Empire?
a. decreasing contacts with Asia and Europe
b. allying with the Mongols to invade Europe
c. using gunpowder to modernize the military
d. allying with the Ottoman Empire to defeat the Mongols
5. The Safavid "Golden Age" would BEST be placed in which time period?
a. Late 1400s
b. Early 1500s
c. Early 1600s
d. Late 1600s
7.18 Compare the indigenous religious practices
observed by early Africans before and after contact with
Islam and Christianity.
Key Terms:
• ancestors - a person who was in someone’s family in past times; one of the
people from whom a person is descended
• animism - the belief that all plants, animals, and objects have spirits
• Christianity - the religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ
• Islam - a religion which teaches that there is only one God and that
Muhammad is God’s prophet; the religion of Muslims
• missionaries - a person who is sent to a foreign country to do religious work
(such as to convince people to join a religion or to help people who are
sick, poor, etc.)
INDIGENOUS RELIGIONS PRACTICES
The religions practiced by the majority of people living in Africa are Christianity
and Islam. However, there were many traditional religions practiced prior to the
arrival of these two religions. Today, around 10 percent of the African population
still practice some form of traditional religion.
Common Beliefs
Although Africa is a huge continent with many different peoples and traditional
religions, some beliefs and practices are common through many of the religions.
These include:
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Supreme God - Many African religions believed in a supreme god that
created the world. Some examples include the gods Oludmare of Nigeria
and Katonda of Uganda. In some religions this god may be prayed to for
help, but in others the supreme god does not interact with humans.
Nature Spirits - Beneath the supreme god were a number of spirits who
mostly lived in nature including animals, water, and the earth.
Ancestral Spirits - The spirits of dead ancestors often played an important
part of the religion. By honoring these spirits, they hoped that the spirits
would help them or would talk to the supreme god on their behalf.
Sacrifice - Most of the Ancient African religions offered some sort of
sacrifice to their gods or the spirits. The sacrifice varied from small items,
like portion of food or drink, too much larger items like cattle or even
human sacrifice.
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Rites of Passage - Traditional religions played an important role in the
rites of passage. These included rituals surrounding marriage, entering
adulthood, birth, and death.
Magic
Many traditional African religions believe in mysterious forces and magic. Priests
(sometimes called witchdoctors) could cast spells or provide charms to help
people with their illnesses or other problems. Sometimes the witchdoctors used
herbs and other remedies to help the sick. They also would tell the future by
using magic and "casting the bones" where they would toss bones (or sometimes
other items like shells) and then tell the person's fortune from the way the bones
fell.
Certain artisans were considered to use magic in their craft. The most powerful of
the artisans were the ironworkers. Ironworkers would keep the secret of how they
forged iron within their group in order to maintain the mystery and power of their
craft.
Rituals
Traditional rituals and ceremonies played an important part in the community.
Masks, drums, chanting, and dancing were often a part of the ritual. Generally
the rituals called on the spirits of ancestors or the spirits of nature for help and
assistance.
Interesting Facts about Traditional Religions of Ancient Africa
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The people of the Mali Empire believed in a magical force called "nyama."
The religious beliefs of Africans impacted all aspects of their everyday
lives including their food, work, and family life.
They believed in both good and bad spirits. Good spirits would protect
them, while bad spirits could make them ill or make them misbehave.
In the dry areas of Africa, certain priests would specialize as "rainmakers." They would drive away bad spirits that may have caused a
drought and ask for help from good spirits on how they could make it rain.
Although many Africans today identify with Christianity or Islam as their
religion, many of them still participate in traditional African rituals.
Some traditional beliefs and rituals from Africa spread to the Americas in
places like Brazil and Cuba.
THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM
The continent’s various populations and individuals mostly practiced Christianity
and Islam. Islam was introduced to West Africa through traders and sailors that
were either Arabic or had had contact with the Arabic culture. Trade along the
Red Sea brought Christianity to the region. Christianity first arrived in North
Africa. Over time Christian missionaries increased in Africa. However, where
people had already converted to Islam, Christianity had little success. Christianity
brought great change to Africa. With the Christian missionaries came education,
literacy and hope for the disadvantaged.
African Societies
West African rulers welcomed North African traders, who not only brought new
goods but also brought the Islamic religion to the area. Under Askia
Muhammad’s rule, Islam spread throughout the empire. He sent Muslim scholars
into areas that had little contact with the Islamic religion. These scholars
converted many people in the cities to Islam. However, in rural areas Islamic
beliefs continued to blend with traditional religious practices.
Some of Ghana’s kings converted to Islam but still practiced their traditional
religion. For example, in Ghana’s traditional religion, a king’s ancestry gave him
the right to rule. If the king rejected their traditional religion, he would lose this
right.
Key Questions:
1. What did Christian missionaries bring to Africa?
2. How did Askia Muhammad spread Islam?
3. Why did kings blend Islamic beliefs with traditional religious practices?
7.25 Engage effectively in a collaborative discussion
describing the development of the imperial state and the
scholar-official class (Neo-Confucianism).
• Developed during the Song dynasty (960 - 1280 C.E) but can be traced back to
Han Yu and Li Ao in the Tang Dynasty
Where it existed
Neo-Confucianism began in China during the Song dynasty, marking one of its
greatest achievements. It particularly grew in popularity after the Song era and
became a national movement in Asia as it was introduced to Korea, Japan, and
Vietnam.
• Neo Confucianism sparked a shift in the ways of the government. The
aristocracy (based on lineage/family you were born into) gave way to the
new and improved bureaucracy. Entrance into the bureaucracy was
available to more people due to the new Civil Service Exams.
• These exams were based on Neo-Confucian thought and teachings
• Civil Service Exams acted as the glue of the government, and when they were
abolished in 1905 the Qing dynasty fell before enacting another schooling
system.
• Neo-Confucianism wanted to remain the leading practiced philosophy in Asia.
By means of accomplishing this task they absorbed aspects of both
Buddhism and Daoism to better appeal to a larger mass of people and
maintain their power.
• Seeing as though politics and government are very closely related, the
changes in government due to Neo- Confucianism also affected the
economy.
• As Civil Service Exams came into play people became more involved with the
government. Since more political opportunities arose, economic
opportunities followed. In direct correlation with Neo-Confucianism and
Civil Service exams, the economy grew, since both politics and economy
are so closely intermingled.
• New changes in economy began to take form and many economical
developments evolved such as: - Organizing trade guilds leading to
increased trade -Rise of paper currency -Flourishing cities along the
southeast coast and waterways
Women were supposed to "occupy" a level lower than men
• Respected Women’s role as mother in law, mother and housekeeper within the
family
• Were said to be unselfish and loyal to their husbands
• Song often seen as the period where the role of women began to decline and
lower.
• Women’s property was indeed secure threw this time.
• Practiced Foot binding
• around the age of 5 or 6 the young girls’ toes were turned under and bound
with silk, which was wound more tightly as she grew of age, and when
she reached the age where she was supposed to marry, her foot had
changed into a "lotus petal".
• Foot binding was a great source of pain for women and had limited movement
and tasks they could complete, which held them back from certain
occupations, and made them more house bound.
• Foot binding became vital for women to gain a husband.
Impacted what became the "cornerstone" of education
– Chinese schools became of up most importance, and the passing of exams,
the schools taught the beliefs of high self-knowledge, school became the highest
form of education in Chinese societies, and tried to revive the original thought of
Confucianism. Civil Service Examinations
Impacted the cultural society
– Poets, painters, doctors and philosophers all became in the advancement of
neo- Confucianism, spreading the beliefs behind each of their works.
Impacted the revival of Daoist thoughts and beliefs
– As neo-Confucianism encompassed more land and penetrated more
boundaries, Buddhism became more revived. Monks began to create own
Buddhist schools, which dominated in East Asia,
Impacted the women
– Neo-confucianism looked at women as house-bound gave the culture/society
the idea that women should be at home helping around the house, which also
lead to the new practice of foot-binding, and how it became crucial in the Chinese
society.
Questions
1. How did the Chinese determine who would make a competent
government leader?
a. It was based on local elections.
b. It was based on how a person did in battle.
c. It was based on if a person passed an exam.
d. It was based on the wealth of a person’s family.
2. Neo-Confucianism saw its BIGGEST impact on which dynasty?
a. Qin
b. Song
c. Tang
d. Zhou
3. What term describes the government positions that officials who passed
the civil service exam became a part of?
a. Aristocracy
b. Bureaucracy
c. Feudalism
d. Nobility
4. The scholar-official class (scholar gentry) of the Song Dynasty achieved
their status by
a. Gaining favor with the Emperor.
b. Owning large and important businesses.
c. Proving themselves in battle against the Mongols.
d. Passing examinations based on Neo-Confucian teachings.
7.28 Explain the influence of China and the Korean
peninsula upon Japan as Buddhism, Confucianism, and
the Chinese writing system were adopted.
• In Korea, Buddhism was adopted first by the nobles and later by the common
people. It then spread from Korea to Japan.
• Korea is close to the islands of Japan. Chinese culture sometimes spread to
Japan from Korea.
• Like the Chinese, the Japanese wrote with brushes and ink in paper. They
used calligraphy for their writing system.
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The Confucianism of Japan and Korea
Japan’s Neighbors
Japan’s closest neighbors are China and Korea. Both countries had a powerful
influence on Japan. China referred to the islands of Japan as "the land of the
rising sun" which is Nippon in Japanese. Nippon is what the Japanese call their
country.
Prince Shotoku, who ruled from 593 to 622, was very impressed with the
Chinese culture. He sent many leaders and scholars to China to study. Shotoku
opened an embassy in China. An embassy is the office of one government in
another country. He based his leadership on the Confucian principles of loyalty
and respect. Shotoku was very impressed with Buddhism and he encouraged the
spread of Buddhism in Japan. Some Japanese had concerns that Buddhism
challenged Shinto, which was the traditional belief of Japan. As time went on, the
two religions became blended. More Japanese accepted Buddhism continued to
practice Shinto.
Like the Chinese, the Japanese wrote with brushes and ink. Writing was
considered a thing of beauty. Calligraphy is the art of beautiful writing. Like
Chinese writing, each character is painted with a set order of strokes.
A Chinese Flavor
Although Shinto and the various sects of Buddhism have dominated the
hodgepodge that is Japanese spiritual life, other belief systems — mostly of
Chinese origin — have influenced the way in which the Japanese have viewed
the world.
Confucianism, the philosophy and religion based on the ethical and humanitarian
teachings of Confucius, gained a foothold in Japan in the 7th century C.E. Its
political theories and family values have persisted for centuries, and even
became the official ideology of the state during the Tokugawa period (16001868).
Other significant belief systems have been Chinese astrology and feng-shui
(earth study), as well as a host of other Chinese folk beliefs and practices.
Questions
1. What conclusion can you make regarding the writing system of China and
Japan?
a. China invaded Japan.
b. They are related to one another.
c. Japan adopted Buddhism from China.
d. Chinese writing was based on Japanese writing.
2. What important cultural aspect spread from China and Korea and was
later adopted by the Japanese?
a. Samurai
b. Foot binding
c. Writing system
d. Civil Service Exam
3. “1. Harmony is to be valued, and an avoidance of wanton opposition to be
honored. All men are influenced by class feelings, and there are few who
are intelligent. Hence there are some who disobey their lords and fathers,
or who maintain feuds with the neighboring villages. But when those
above are harmonious and those below are friendly, and there is concord
in the discussion of business, right views of things spontaneously gain
acceptance…
2. Sincerely reverence the three treasures…the Buddha, the Law
[teachings], and the Priesthood [community of monks]…
3. When you receive the Imperial commands, fail not scrupulously to obey
them. The lord is Heaven, the vassal is Earth. Heaven overspreads, and
Earth upbears… [W]hen the superior acts, the inferior yields compliance.”
- Excerpt from the Seventeen Article Constitution (Articles 1-3 shown),
Japan, 604 CE
The third article of Japan’s Seventeen Article Constitution is most clearly
influenced by what philosophy or religion?
a. Buddhism
b. Confucianism
c. Daoism
d. Zoroastrianism
4. Which of these BEST shows Japan’s attempts to establish a culture that
was independent of Chinese influence?
a. the creation of Kana, the first Japanese writing system
b. the use of Chinese imperial court system in Japanese government
c. the creation of the first Japanese novel The Tale of Genji
d. the development of a Japanese capital modeled after the Chinese
grid system
5. Which religion was popular in China and spread through Japan by
missionaries?
a. Buddhism
b. Confucianism
c. Hinduism
d. Shintoism
7.30 Describe how the Heian (contemporary Kyoto)
aristocracy created enduring Japanese cultural
perspectives that are epitomized in works of prose such
as The Tale of Genji , one of the world’s first novels.
Heian Period
In ancient Japanese culture the aristocrats of the Heian period (794-1191) are
probably the most fascinating. Many of their values, practices, and customs
seem to be almost opposite to what we view as obvious or "normal" in
contemporary society. Aristocrats were members of society who held rank in the
Imperial Court. There was little room for social mobility in Heian Japan and rank
was either inherited or granted from the Emperor himself. Although only 1% of
the population were aristocrats, the aristocracy writes almost all the historical
literature from this time period about the aristocracy. There is very little known
about the lifestyle of the common people during Heian Japan.
Romance was very much alive during this period. If a man saw a woman of good
taste and wanted to meet her he would first find out where she lived. He would
then compose a poem of about three lines of verse. Everything about the poemrequired perfection, including the handwriting, paper, and type of perfume used
to scent the letter and envelope. Depending upon the season and circumstances,
a suitable tree sprig or flower would be selected and attached to the letter. After
judging the man's level of refinement and taste from the poem, the woman might
then decide to invite the man for a visit. On the first meeting the woman would sit
behind a screen so that only her outline could be seen and the two would chat
and possibly exchange poems. If both parties provided sufficient hints then a
physical relationship could follow.
The concept of beauty was greatly different during the Heian than it is now. Many
rules of beauty applied to both sexes. The nude body was considered ugly and
must always be clothed, often with many layers of clothing. Choice of outfit was
critical and even a small mistake could be a source of great embarrassment or
destroy a reputation. For both genders a plump figure, round puffy face, powdery
white skin, and small eyes were considered ideal. A thin figure and dark skin was
associated with the peasant class who worked often worked outdoors and did not
get enough to eat.
Some rules were more specific to women. White teeth were ugly by Heian
aristocrats and women blackened their teeth with a sticky black dye. When
smiling or laughing a woman's mouth might have appeared as a toothless, dark
oval. Women also had to reposition their eyebrows as Mother Nature had
apparently made a mistake. To correct the "mistake" eyebrows were plucked out
and then painted on, usually rather thick, about 2-3 centimeters above the
original location. Long hair was another feature considered attractive and women
often grew their hair out so that is was longer than their body length. Washing all
of this hair was a job for the servants and could be an all-day event.
There were also rules of beauty and appearance that were specific to men. A
large amount of facial hair was not attractive, but a thin mustache and/or a small
tuft of beard on the chin were considered ideal. Men may not have needed to
pluck their eyebrows, but idealized depictions from this period show the
eyebrows high on the forehead. Aristocratic men from this period have a
reputation for being feminine and in some artwork it is difficult to tell men and
women apart. This is especially apparent in depictions of children and young
adults. Things have changed a lot since the time of the Heian aristocracy, but
familiarizing ourselves with their views on the world helps to put our own
contemporary values in perspective.
The Tale of Genji is a classic work of Japanese literature written by the
noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th
century, around the peak of the Heian period. It is sometimes called the world's
first novel, the first modern novel, the first psychological novel or the first novel
still to be considered a classic. Notably, the work also illustrates a unique
depiction of the lifestyles of high courtiers during the Heian period.
Questions:
1. One of the unique aspects of The Tale of Genji is that the novel
A)
was written completely in Chinese.
B)
was published after the author became emperor.
C)
supported a movement that wanted to join with China.
D)
dealt with the lives of women in Japanese imperial society.
2. Prior to the publication of The Tale of Genji, Japan
A)
had no written language.
B)
viewed stories as an insult to the gods.
C)
tended to use poetry and characters from China.
D)
resisted the use any form of written communication.
3. Women who were part of Japanese court life during the Heian period were
expected to
A) be literate, play an instrument or write calligraphy.
B) act as a merchant since that was unconsidered unmasculine.
C) remain uneducated and only men could write poetry or novels.
D) have their feet bound at a young age to make a better marriage
contract.
4. The The Tale of Genji was written during the Heian period of Japanese
history. Which of these statements is an accurate description of the Heian
period?
A)
Japan was consumed by expansion and war against China.
B)
Mongol invaders captured Japan and founded the Yuan Dynasty.
C)
Culture and the arts were very important to the imperial court.
D)
The Shogunate was founded, resulting in the country's international
isolation.
7.36 Conduct a short research project explaining the
significance of developments in medieval English legal
and constitutional practices and their importance in the
rise of modern democratic thought and representative
institutions including trial by jury, the common law,
Magna Carta, parliament, habeas corpus, and an
independent judiciary in England.
NOTE: The legal practices of medieval England are the foundations of many
modern legal practices.
In 1264, representative government came to England. King Henry III (3) was
removed from the throne by English nobles after he broke an agreement with
them. The nobles replaced him with a group of representatives, which later
became known as parliament. The Parliament included nobility, high-ranking
church officials, and representatives from cities and towns.
English Parliament
PARLIAMENT: Includes - House of Lords and House of Commons
Parliament formed two houses, or groups, to govern the country: the House of
Commons and the House of Lords. Parliament would eventually control the
collection of taxes. As a result, it could limit the power of the English monarchy.
Parliament was also eventually able to introduce and pass laws. The king could
not declare new laws without Parliament’s approval.
The changes mentioned above took centuries to develop as Parliament’s power
grew slowly. Wars were even fought over Parliament’s authority. But the legal
and constitutional practices of medieval England would be a guide for later
political leaders.
King John and the Magna Carta
In 1215, King John of England was forced to sign the Magna Carta stating that
the king was not above the law of the land and protecting the rights of the people.
Today, the Magna Carta is considered one of the most important documents in
the history of democracy.
Background
John became king in 1199 when his brother, Richard the Lionheart, died without
any children. John had a bad temper and could be very cruel. The English
Barons did not like him.
John also had to deal with a lot of issues while he was king. He was constantly
at war with France. To fight this war he placed heavy taxes on the Barons of
England. He also angered the Pope and was excommunicated from the church.
The Barons Rebel
By 1215, the barons of northern England had had enough of John's high taxes.
They decided to rebel. Led by Baron Robert Fitzwalter, they marched on London
calling themselves the "army of God". After taking London, John agreed to
negotiate with them.
Signing the Magna Carta
King John met the barons on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede, a neutral site just
west of London. Here the barons demanded that King John sign a document
called the Magna Carta guaranteeing them certain rights. By signing the
document, King John agreed to do his duty as King of England, upholding the
law and running a fair government. In return, the barons agreed to stand down
and surrender London.
Civil War
It turns out that neither side had any intention of following the agreement. Not
long after signing, King John attempted to nullify the agreement. He even had the
Pope declare the document "illegal and unjust". At the same time, the barons
didn't surrender London.
Soon the country of England was facing civil war. The barons, led by Robert
Fitzwalter, were supported by French troops. For a year the barons fought King
John in what is called the First Barons' War. However, King John died in 1216,
putting a quick end to the war.
Details of the Magna Carta
The Magna Carta was not a short document. There were actually 63 clauses in
the document outlining various laws that the barons wanted the King to enforce.
Some of the rights these clauses promised included:
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Protection of church rights
Access to swift justice
No new taxes without the Barons' agreement
Limitations on feudal payments
Protection from illegal imprisonment
A council of 25 Barons who would insure that King John followed the laws
Legacy
Although King John did not follow the agreement; the ideas put forth in the
Magna Carta became lasting principles of liberty to the English. Three of the
clauses are still in force as English law including the freedom of the English
Church, the "ancient liberties" of the City of London, and the right to due process.
The ideas of the Magna Carta also influenced the constitutions and development
of other countries. The American colonists used the rights guaranteed in the
document as a reason to rebel and form their own country. Many of these rights
are written into the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
HABEAS CORPUS
Habeas Corpus has been with us for 800 years. It gave the British citizen the
right not be detained without charge. It also made the presumption of innocence
until proven guilty into law. Basically, this right keeps government from jailing
people without cause.
INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY IN ENGLAND
Independent judiciary courts are independent from other branches of government
and can make sure there is a balance of power. For example, judiciary courts
can prevent government from passing laws that violate the rights of citizens.
English Common Law
· "All people should be subject to the same rules."
· "A set of principles popular amongst most people in an area."
· Popularized by Henry II of England in the 12th Century.
Questions:
1.
Article 29 of the Magna Carta establishes the concept of
A)
freedom of speech.
B)
due process of law.
C)
freedom of religion.
D)
freedom of petition.
2. In the early 13th century, English nobles forced King John to sign the ___,
which placed limits on some of his powers.
a. Declaration of Rights of Man
b. English Bill of Rights
c. Parliament Act
d. Magna Carta
3. A writ of __________ is used by courts to determine whether or not an
accused person can continue to be held in custody.
a. Mandamus
b. Assistance
c. Certiorari
d. Habeas corpus
4. The Magna Carta is most important for which reason?
a. It created Parliament
b. It was the “great charter”
c. It created the first democracy in England
d. It put limits on the monarch’s powers
5. Which BEST describes "common law"?
A)
laws based on the rule of precedent
B)
laws that come straight from monarchs
C)
statements and laws interpreting the Constitution
D)
a collection of laws that do not apply to elite people
7.37 Examine the spread of Christianity north of the Alps
and the roles played by the early church and by
monasteries in its diffusion after the fall of the western
half of the Roman Empire.
• diffusion - to spread • persecution - to mistreat or oppress because of religion,
race, or beliefs • monotheistic - worship of one God • polytheistic - worship of
more than one god • missionary - a person who tries to convert others to a
particular religion • monastery - a secluded community where men called monks
focus on prayer and scripture • convent - a religious community for women
known as nuns
THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY
When the Roman Empire collapsed, Christianity had not spread far beyond the
empire’s borders. Christians believed in the worship of one God. The worship in
one God is called monotheistic. Many Europeans were pagans. A pagan is a
follower of a polytheistic (the worship of more than one god) religion. Catholic
missionaries traveled across Europe to convert pagans to Christianity during the
Middle Ages. A missionary is a person who tries to convert others to a particular
religion.
The Monasteries and Missionaries
The Medieval church was the wealthiest landowner in Medieval England. During
the Middle Ages, monasteries and convents were established for men and
woman choosing a life of religious study and prayer. A monastery is a secluded
community where men called monks live and focus on prayer and scripture. A
convent is a religious community for women known as nuns. Monks and nuns
devote their lives to spiritual goals.
During the early Middle Ages, many missionaries (monks) were sent by popes to
travel across Europe to spread Christianity. By the 700’s and 800’s, Catholic
missionaries were working in many parts of Europe. Over time, the Catholic faith
became part of everyday life in most parts of Europe.
Many monasteries spread Christianity by performing important tasks within their
community. They were the only source of some form of medical treatment. Some
monasteries had what can only be described as medieval hospitals attached to
them. The monks did the medical treatment. Some monasteries were also
centers of learning and culture.
Frankish Leader Clovis and Charlemagne
As great leaders continually invaded different regions of Europe they carried with
them their religion. In 486, a Frankish leader named Clovis invaded Roman Gaul,
now France. He defeated the last great Roman army in Gaul. By 507, his
kingdom stretched west from the Rhine River to the Pyrenees Mountains. In time,
Clovis and most of his subjects converted to Christianity.
In 768, Charlemagne took over the Frankish kingdom. He built a European
empire greater than any known since ancient Rome. By 800, much of Western
Europe had become part of his well-managed empire.
Charlemagne reformed and strengthened the Church. He promoted the
education of priests, organized Church authority, and made alliances with popes.
Questions:
• What group of people North of the Alps established powerful kingdoms and
greatly strengthened Christianity in Europe?
• Who was the wealthiest landowner in Medieval England?
• What group of people were sent by the popes to travel across Europe and
spread Christianity?
• What were the monasteries the center of?
7.44 Cite evidence in writing explaining the importance
of Florence, Italy and the Medici Family in the early
stages of the Renaissance and the growth of
independent trading cities, such as Venice, and their
importance in the spread of Renaissance ideas.
Medici Family
The Medici family ruled the city of Florence throughout the Renaissance. They
had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their
patronage of the arts and humanism.
Rulers of Florence
The Medici family were wool merchants and bankers. Both businesses were very
profitable and the family became extremely wealthy. Giovanni de Medici first
brought the family to prominence in Florence by starting the Medici bank. He also
was the leader of the Florence merchants. His son, Cosimo de Medici became
the Gran maestro (leader) of the Florence city-state in 1434. The Medici family
ruled Florence for the next 200 years until 1737.
Leaders of the Renaissance
The Medici are most famous for their patronage of the arts. Patronage is where a
wealthy person or family sponsors artists. They would pay artists commissions
for major works of art. The Medici patronage had a huge impact on the
Renaissance, allowing artists to focus on their work without having to worry about
money.
A significant amount of the art and architecture that was produced in Florence at
the beginning of the Renaissance was due to the Medici. Early on they supported
the painter Masaccio and helped pay the architect Brunelleschi to rebuild the
Basilica of San Lorenzo. Other famous artists that the Medici supported include
Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello, and Leonardo da Vinci.
The Medici didn't just support the arts and architecture. They also supported
science. They supported the famous scientist Galileo Galilei in his scientific
efforts. Galileo also worked as a tutor for the Medici children.
Bankers
The Medici owed much of their wealth and power to the Medici Bank. It made
them one of the richest families in all of Europe. It was the largest bank in Europe
at its peak and was very well respected. The bank made notable improvements
in accounting procedures including the development of the double-entry
bookkeeping system.
Important Members
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Giovanni de Medici (1360 - 1429): Giovanni was the founder of the Medici
Bank, which would make the family wealthy and allow them to support the
arts.
Cosimo de Medici (1389 - 1464): Cosimo began the Medici dynasty as the
first Medici to become leader of the city of Florence. He supported the
famous sculptor Donatello and the architect Brunelleschi.
Lorenzo de Medici (1449 - 1492): Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent,
Lorenzo de Medici ruled Florence through much of the peak of the Italian
Renaissance. He supported such artists as Michelangelo, Leonardo da
Vinci, and Sandro Botticelli.
Pope Leo X (1475 - 1521): The first of four Medici to become Pope, Leo
commissioned many works from the artist Raphael.
Questions
1. How did the Medici family become wealthy?
a. Selling weapons
b. Farming land
c. Banking and wool
d. Selling art
e. Real estate
2. What city did the Medici family rule?
a. Florence
b. Rome
c. Milan
d. Naples
e. Venice
3. Why was the Medici family important to the growth of the Renaissance?
a. Because they were talented artists
b. Because they invented humanist philosophy
c. Because they helped to invent the printing press
d. Because they supported the arts and artists
e. Because they made it legal to paint in Italy
4. Besides painting, what other subjects did the Medici support?
a. Music
b. Science
c. Architecture
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
5. Which member of the Medici family ruled during the height of the
Renaissance and supported such artists as Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo?
a. Giovanni
b. Marie
c. Lorenzo
d. Cosimo
e. Catherine
Italian City-States
At the time of the Renaissance Italy was governed by a number of powerful citystates. These were some of the largest and richest cities in all of Europe. Some
of the more important city-states included Florence, Milan, Venice, Naples, and
Rome.
What is a city-state?
A city-state is a region that is independently ruled by a major city. Italy wasn't one
unified country, but a number of small independent city-states. Elected leaders
and others ran some of these cities by ruling families. Often times these cities
fought each other.
Why were they important?
The wealth of the Italian city-state played an important role in the Renaissance.
This wealth allowed prominent families to support artists, scientists, and
philosophers spurring on new ideas and artistic movements.
Florence
Florence is where the Renaissance first began. It was ruled by the powerful
Medici Family who used their money to support artists such as Leonardo da Vinci
and Michelangelo. One of the early architectural achievements of the
Renaissance was the massive dome on the Florence Cathedral. Florence was
known for its textile production as well as a banking center.
Milan
In the early 1400s Milan was still a Middle Ages city focused on war and
conquering Florence. However, the Sforza family took over in 1450. They
brought peace to the region and with peace came the new ideas and art of the
Renaissance. Milan was famous for its metalwork, which included suits of armor.
Venice
The island city of Venice had become a powerful city-state through trade with the
Far East. It imported products such as spices and silk. However, when the
Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, Venice's trade empire began to
shrink. Venice controlled the seas around the east coast of Italy and was famous
for its artistic glassware.
Rome
The pope ruled both the Catholic Church and the city-state of Rome. Much of the
city of Rome was re-built under the leadership of Nicholas V beginning in 1447.
Rome became a patron of the arts and supported the Renaissance through
commissions to artists such as Raphael and Michelangelo. Michelangelo worked
as architect on St. Peter's Basilica and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Naples
The city-state of Naples ruled much of southern Italy at the time of the
Renaissance. It was one of the last city-states to embrace the movement, but in
1443 Alfonso I conquered the city. He supported Renaissance artists, writers,
and philosophers. Naples also became known for its music and is where the
mandolin was invented. Naples was captured by Spain in 1504.
Interesting Facts about the Italian City-States of the Renaissance
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Guilds were powerful institutions in the city-states. In some city-states you
had to be a member of a guild to run for public office.
The small city-state of Ferrara was known for its music and theatre.
The city-state of Urbino was known for its library as well as its beautiful
ceramics.
Most of the people who lived in the city-states were craftsmen and
merchants. This was a growing class of society during the Renaissance.
Milan, Naples, and Florence signed a peace treaty called the Peace of
Lodi in 1454. This helped to establish boundaries and peace for around 30
years.
Questions
1. In which city-state did the Italian Renaissance begin?
a. Venice
b. Rome
c. Naples
d. Florence
e. Milan
2. Which of the statements below best describes a city-state?
a. An independent region ruled by a powerful city
b. A powerful city that is part of a larger country
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
c. A section of a state similar to a county
d. Any city that is part of a larger state
e. All of the above
What wealthy family ruled the city-state of Florence?
a. Ferrara
b. Sforza
c. Nicholas
d. Alfonso
e. Medici
Which city-state ruled the southern region of Italy?
a. Florence
b. Venice
c. Naples
d. Milan
e. Rome
The trading power of Venice was affected when this city was conquered
by the Ottoman Empire.
a. Rome
b. Milan
c. Florence
d. Constantinople
e. Paris
True or False: The wealth of the Italian city-states played an important part
in the development of the Renaissance.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
This city-state was conquered by Spain in 1504?
a. Milan
b. Rome
c. Naples
d. Venice
e. Florence
7.49 Gather relevant information from multiple sources about Henry V,
Hundreds Year War, and Joan of Arc.
Henry V
Henry V (5) was born in the tower above the gatehouse of Monmouth Castle and
for that reason is sometimes referred to Henry of Monmouth.
He is also known as the Star of England. Henry V was king of England from 1413
until his death at the age of 34 in 1422. He was the second English monarch who
came from the House of Lancaster.
Soon after his accession, Henry V laid claim to the French crown. Stern and
ruthless, Henry was a brilliant general who had gained military experience in his
teens, when he fought along side his father at the battle of Shrewsbury. In 1415,
Henry set sail for France, capturing Harfleur. His offer to the French Dauphin of
personal combat (Richard I and Edward III had made similar offers in their time)
was, like those of his predecessors, refused; he went on to defeat the French at
the Battle of Agincourt. In alliance with unreliable Burgundy, and assisted by his
brothers (the Dukes of Clarence, Bedford and Gloucester), Henry gained control
of Normandy in subsequent campaigns. By the Treaty of Troyes (1420), he
gained recognition as heir to the French throne, and married Charles VI’s
daughter Katherine.
Well educated, Henry had a particular interest in liturgical music; he gave
pensions to well-known composers of his time, and a hymn of praise to God,
which he ordered sung after Agincourt, still exists. However, Henry’s success
was short lived and he died of dysentery in 1422 in Bois de Vincennes, France.
Question:
Summarize who Henry V was and why he is remembered.
The Hundred Years War
The Hundred Years War was fought between England and France and lasted
from 1337 to 1453. The war was a series of battles with long periods of peace in
between.
How did it start?
Small disputes and battles had been going on between the French and the
English for years. However, in 1337, King Edward III of England claimed that he
was the rightful king of France. This began the long battle between the two
countries.
Other disputes kept the fighting going for over one hundred years. These
included the control of the valuable wool trade, disputes over certain areas of
land, and the support for Scotland by the French.
Edward III
King Edward III believed that he was the rightful heir to the French crown through
his mother Isabella. He first laid claim to the throne when he was fifteen years old
and King Charles IV of France died without a male heir. Instead of Edward, the
French chose Philip to be their king.
When King Philip VI of France took control of Aquitaine from the English in 1337,
King Edward III decided to fight back. He decided to invade France and reassert
his right to the French throne.
Chevauchées
Edward did not attempt to conquer and control the land of the French. Instead he
led raids into the land called chevauchées. He would strike deep into the land of
the French burning crops, plundering cities, and causing havoc.
The Black Prince
in the 1350s, his son, the valiant Edward the “Black Prince”, led the army of King
Edward III. The Black Prince became a famous hero to the English and was
known for his chivalry. The Black Prince led the English to major victories over
the French. At the battle of Poitiers, the Black Prince captured King John II, the
current King of France.
Peace
King Edward agreed to release King John II for a ransom of three million crowns
and some additional land. When King Edward died, the son of the Black Prince,
Richard II became King. He was only 10 years old. There was a period of relative
peace between England and France.
Battle of Agincourt
When King Henry V became king of England in 1413, he once again laid claim to
the throne of France. He invaded France and won a decisive battle at Agincourt
where with only around 6,000 soldiers he defeated a much larger French force of
around 25,000. Eventually, the French gave in and King Charles VI named Henry
as the heir to the throne.
Joan of Arc
Many of the people in southern France did not accept English rule. In 1428 the
English began to invade southern France. They began a siege of the city of
Orleans. However, a young peasant girl by the name of Joan of Arc took
leadership of the French army. She claimed to have seen a vision from God. She
led the French to a victory at Orleans in 1429. She led the French to several
more victories before she was captured by the English and burned at the stake.
End of the War
The French were inspired by Joan of Arc's leadership and sacrifice. They
continued to fight back. They pushed the English army out of France taking
Bordeaux in 1453 signaling the end of the Hundred Years War.
Interesting Facts about the Hundred Years War
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The English longbow played a large part in their victories. It could fire
faster and farther than the French crossbow.
The war had a lot to do with transforming France from a number of feudal
lands to a national state.
The war stopped for a long period during the Black Death of the Bubonic
plague.
Historians often split the war into three main periods: the Edwardian War
(1337-1360), the Caroline War (1369-1389), and the Lancastrian War
(1415-1453).
It didn't last exactly 100 years, but 116 years. That means a lot of people
lived their entire lives while the war was going on.
Questions:
1. Who fought each other during the Hundred Years War?
a. Germany and France
d. France and England
b. Spain and France
e. England and Spain
c. Italy and Spain
2. How long did the Hundred Years War last?
a. 10 years
d. 180 years
b. 100 years
e. 250 years
c. 116 years
3. What were chevauchees?
a. French knights that fought in the war
b. A type of siege weapon
c. An extra long lance that the English used to defeat the French
d. Long chain mail cloaks worn by French soldiers
e. War raids where the army caused havoc and pillaged the land
4. What was the cause of the Hundred Years War?
a. King Edward III of England claimed to be king of France
b. Disputes over areas of land around France
c. Control of the wool trade
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
5. Who was the Black Prince?
a. The son of King Edward III
b. An invulnerable French knight
c. Another name for Joan of Arc
d. A German prince who claimed the French throne
e. Any knight who wore black armor was called the Black Prince
6. True or False: The Hundred Years War was a constant battle with fierce
fighting and no periods of peace.
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
7. What English weapon played a major part in their early victories?
a. Cannon
d. Sword
b. Catapult
e. Longbow
c. Lance
8. Who won the Battle of Agincourt?
a. English
b. French
c. Germans
d. Spanish
e. Dutch
Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc, nicknamed " The Maid of Orléans," is considered a heroine of
France and a Roman Catholic saint. She was born to Jacques d’Arc and Isabelle,
a peasant family, at Domrémy in northeast France. Joan said she received
visions of the Archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine instructing
her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the
Hundred Years’ War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of
Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence after the siege was
lifted in only nine days. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII’s
coronation at Reims. This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved
the way for the final French victory.
On 23 May 1430, she was captured at Compiègne by the Burgundian faction,
which was allied with the English. She was later handed over to the English, and
then put on trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauch on a variety
of charges. After Cauchon declared her guilty she was burned at the stake on 30
May 1431, dying at about nineteen years of age.
Twenty-five years after her execution, an inquisitorial court authorized by Pope
Callixtus III examined the trial, debunked the charges against her, pronounced
her innocent, and declared her a martyr. Joan of Arc was beatified in 1909 and
canonized in 1920.
Question: Summarize who Joan of Arc was and why she is remembered.