Download Arterial trauma during central venous catheter insertion: Case series

From the Canadian Society For Vascular Surgery
Arterial trauma during central venous catheter
insertion: Case series, review and proposed algorithm
Marie-Christine Guilbert, MD,a Stephane Elkouri, MD, MSc,a David Bracco, MD,b
Marc M. Corriveau, MD,c Nathalie Beaudoin, MD,a Marc Jacques Dubois, MD,d Luc Bruneau, MD,a
and Jean-François Blair, MD,a Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Background: Percutaneous catheterization is a frequently-used technique to gain access to the central venous circulation.
Inadvertent arterial puncture is often without consequence, but can lead to devastating complications if it goes unrecognized
and a large-bore dilator or catheter is inserted. The present study reviews our experience with these complications and the
literature to determine the safest way to manage catheter-related cervicothoracic arterial injury (CRCAI).
Methods: We retrospectively identified all cases of iatrogenic carotid or subclavian injury following central venous
catheterization at three large institutions in Montreal. We reviewed the French and English literature published from
1980 to 2006, in PubMed, and selected studies with the following criteria: arterial misplacement of a large-caliber
cannula (>7F), adult patients (>18 years old), description of the method for managing arterial trauma, reference
population (denominator) to estimate the success rate of the therapeutic option chosen. A consensus panel of vascular
surgeons, anesthetists and intensivists reviewed this information and proposed a treatment algorithm.
Results: Thirteen patients were treated for CRCAI in participating institutions. Five of them underwent immediate
catheter removal and compression, and all had severe complications resulting in major stroke and death in one patient,
with the other four undergoing further intervention for a false aneurysm or massive bleeding. The remaining eight
patients were treated by immediate open repair (six) or through an endovascular approach (two) for subclavian artery
trauma without complications. Five articles met all our inclusion criteria, for a total of 30 patients with iatrogenic arterial
cannulation: 17 were treated by immediate catheter removal and direct external pressure; eight (47%) had major
complications requiring further interventions; and two died. The remaining 13 patients submitted to immediate surgical
exploration, catheter removal and artery repair under direct vision, without any complications (47% vs 0%, P ⴝ .004).
Conclusion: During central venous placement, prevention of arterial puncture and cannulation is essential to minimize
serious sequelae. If arterial trauma with a large-caliber catheter occurs, prompt surgical or endovascular treatment seems
to be the safest approach. The pull/pressure technique is associated with a significant risk of hematoma, airway
obstruction, stroke, and false aneurysm. Endovascular treatment appears to be safe for the management of arterial injuries
that are difficult to expose surgically, such as those below or behind the clavicle. After arterial repair, prompt neurological
evaluation should be performed, even if it requires postponing elective intervention. Imaging is suggested to exclude
arterial complications, especially if arterial trauma site was not examined and repaired. ( J Vasc Surg 2008;48:918-25.)
The clinical insertion of a central venous catheter in the
subclavian vein of battlefield-wounded patients was first
described in 1952 by Aubaniac.1 Percutaneous central venous cannulation is now a useful and commonly-performed
procedure across medical and surgical specialities. Approximately 7 million of such central lines are installed each year
in the United States,2 the most common sites being the
internal jugular, subclavian, and femoral veins. These catheters are an essential aid in the management of numerous
patients, facilitating hemodynamic monitoring, intraveFrom the Vascular Surgery Service, Centre Hospitalier de l’ Université de
Montréal (CHUM) Hôtel-Dieu,a the Department of Anesthesiology,b
and the Vascular Surgery Division, McGill University Health Center,c and
the Department of Intensive Care, CHUM.d
Competition of interest: none.
Presented at the Canadian Society of Vascular Surgery Annual Meeting,
Montreal, Canada, Sep 28-29, 2007.
Additional material for this article may be found online at www.jvascsurg.org.
Reprint requests: Stephane Elkouri, MD, Vascular Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, CHUM Hôtel-Dieu, 3840 St Urbain St, Montreal,
Quebec H2W 1T8, Canada (e-mail: [email protected]).
CME article
0741-5214/$34.00
Copyright © 2008 by The Society for Vascular Surgery.
doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2008.04.046
918
nous drug therapy, parenteral nutrition, hemodialysis, and
rapid volume resuscitation.
While several randomized studies have shown the superiority of ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein cannulation,
venous puncture and catheterization are still frequently performed in a blind manner, employing visual and palpable
surface landmarks, with a reported success rate between 75%
and 99%.3 Despite training and experience, the installation of
such catheters is not risk-free. Acute mechanical complications
are usually associated with injury to contiguous structures4
such as the pleura, nerves, esophagus, or nearby arteries.
Inadvertent arterial puncture with a small needle is usually
benign, and occurs in 5% of cases (0% to 11%).4 Much more
morbid complications from arterial misplacement of largecaliber cannula have an incidence of 0.1% to 0.8% (Fig 1).5
These complications include hematoma, which can potentially expand and obstruct the airway,6 hemothorax,7,8 pseudoaneurysm,8 arteriovenous fistula9 (Fig 2), and stroke.5,10-13
No definite guidelines are found in the literature to address
accidental large-bore (ⱖ7F) arterial cannulation in perioperative patients. These arterial traumas are managed either by
removal and external compression, an endovascular intervention, or by surgical exploration and direct arterial repair.
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Volume 48, Number 4
Fig 1. An 8.5F introducer crossing the right internal jugular vein
and placed in the common carotid artery. Despite adequate initial
venous puncture, carotid trauma can occur during cannulation.
Guilbert et al 919
venous catheterization with a catheter or dilator of 7F or
more. Vascular surgeons, anesthesiologists, and intensive
care unit (ICU) staff from three university affiliated hospitals in Montreal were invited to submit cases. In our own
hospital, the vascular service database and ICU research
database were searched for appropriate surgical codes and
diagnosis (iatrogenic arterial, carotid, subclavian, or catheter related trauma). The ICU database was searched to
compute the number of central venous catheter days and
central venous catheters as the denominator to estimate the
risk of arterial injury. Local institutional review board approval was obtained for this study.
Review of the literature. To establish guidelines regarding the management of CRCAI, we reviewed English
and French publications from 1980 to 2006 in the PubMed
database: the keywords, central venous catheter, were combined with arterial cannulation, arterial injury, carotid pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, and stroke. Articles were
manually searched and selected if they discussed misplacement of a large-bore catheter (ⱖ7F) in adult patients (⬎18
years old). For the initial analysis, we included only case
series reporting the method used to manage the arterial
trauma, allowing us to estimate the success rate of the
therapeutic option chosen.
Development of an algorithm for CRCAI management. After review of the literature and our case series, a
multidisciplinary consensus panel comprised of four vascular surgeons, an anesthesiologist, and an intensivist, was
delegated to define the optimal therapeutic strategy to
decrease the risk of complications when a large-bore catheter was inadvertently placed in an artery.
Statistical analysis. The data was analyzed with NCSS
software (Kaysville, Utah). Complication rates among different strategies were compared by Fisher exact test. P ⬍
.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
Cases identified at participating centers
Fig 2. Carotido-jugular arteriovenous fistula after arterial injury
with an 8F introducer.
Our hypothesis was that removal of large bore catheters
followed by external compression is associated with higher
complication rates than an endovascular or open surgical
exploration and repair of the arterial defect. The aim of this
article is to review our series of arterial traumas related to
internal jugular or subclavian access, to compare our cases
with previous experience, to assess the strategic options
when such complications are recognized, and to propose an
algorithm for the management of catheter-related cervicothoracic arterial injuries (CRCAI).
METHODS
Case series. We retrospectively identified all cases of
iatrogenic carotid or subclavian injury following central
We identified seven cases of CRCAI at our institution
(CHUM), four of which occurred at Hôtel-Dieu pavilion
(HD) and three at Notre-Dame pavilion (ND). Five cases
were identified at the Montreal General Hospital. One case
was identified at Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont (HMR).
To estimate the risk of such injury, we had access to the
Hôtel-Dieu ICU database. Hôtel-Dieu is a 300-bed hospital, included in the Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de
Montréal (CHUM), with a strong cardiac and vascular
program but no trauma or solid organ transplant service.
The period from January 2001 to December 2006 was
reviewed. About 1000 central venous lines and 200 pulmonary artery catheters are inserted annually, which corresponds to a total of 7200 during the observation period.
We identified four cases of arterial trauma by catheter
during that period, yielding an estimated incidence of
1/1800 (95% confident interval [CI], 1/5000-1/714).
Five patients were treated by immediate catheter removal and compression. All of them had severe complica-
920 Guilbert et al
tions, resulting in major stroke and death in one case, and
bleeding requiring surgical intervention in three cases. The
remaining eight patients were treated by immediate open
repair (six) or through an endovascular approach (two) for
subclavian artery trauma without complications. Details of
these 13 cases are described below.
Case 1 (ND). A 70-year-old man was scheduled for
myocardial revascularization. The insertion of a pulmonary
artery catheter in the operating room was part of the
operative planning for the anesthesia team. Under standard
monitoring with the patient under general anesthesia, the
patient was prepped and placed in the Trendelenburg position for insertion of the pulmonary artery catheter via the
right internal jugular vein. Vessel access was obtained using
the Seldinger technique with the use of an 18-gauge needle. Flow out of the catheter appeared to be venous. An
8.5F introducer sheath was placed over the guidewire, and
pulsatile flow was observed from the sideport. The sheath
was immediately removed from the artery, which was compressed at the insertion site. No cervical hematoma was noted.
On duplex examination by the anesthetist, the carotid artery
was normal, without the presence of a flap or flow acceleration. The planned surgery proceeded with the patient receiving 150 UI/kg unfractionated heparin for off-pump coronary
artery bypass grafting, which was reversed by protamine on a
1:1 basis. In the early postoperative period, the patient’s pupils
were found to be unequal and the patient was unresponsive.
Computed tomography (CT) revealed massive infarction of
the right cerebral hemisphere. An angiogram showed a
thrombosed right internal carotid artery with an incomplete
circle of Willis. The patient died within 24 hours from massive
cerebral edema and resulting brain death.
Case 2 (HD). An 80-year-old man was scheduled for
left lower limb bypass. The insertion of a central line in the
operating room was part of the operative planning from the
anesthesia team. Under standard monitoring with the patient under general anesthesia, the patient was prepped and
placed in the Trendelenburg position. Vessel access was
obtained using the Seldinger technic with the aid of an
18-gauge needle. Flow out of the catheter appeared to be
venous. The 8F sheath was placed over the guidewire, and
pulsatile flow was observed from the sideport. The sheath
was immediately removed from the artery, which was compressed at the insertion site. The surgical procedure was
performed as planned. Postoperatively, the patient presented with signs of cervical trauma as witnessed by the
presence of a hematoma and a thrill over the right cervical
region. Computed tomography (CT) and angiography
(Fig 2) demonstrated a large, false aneurysm with an associated arteriovenous fistula. The patient underwent open
surgery and made an uneventful recovery.
Case 3 (HD). A 65-year-old male with a tracheostomy underwent a failed attempted right jugular vein access
in the ICU. An 8F sheath was placed over the guidewire,
and pulsatile flow was monitored from the sideport. The
catheter was immediately removed, but a hematoma with
brisk bleeding was immediately noted despite compression.
He was quickly transferred to the operating room. Explora-
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October 2008
tion revealed that the catheter had injured both the jugular
vein and the internal carotid artery. An intraluminal thrombus
was found at the arterial trauma site. Repair of both vessels was
uneventful and without further complications.
Case 4 (HD). A 70-year-old man presented to the emergency room with a painful abdominal aortic aneurysm and was
scheduled for urgent repair. Under general anesthesia, the
patient was prepped and placed in the Trendelenburg position
for insertion of a central line via the right subclavian vein. An
8F introducer sheath was inserted using the Seldinger technic.
Pulsatile flow was noted through the sideport. The catheter
was left in place and the surgical procedure allowed to continue and was completed. The patient was transported to the
angiography suite for endovascular treatment of the suspected
iatrogenic arterial trauma. The right subclavian artery was
accessed through a transfemoral approach. Under fluoroscopic guidance and angiographic image acquisitions, the
catheter was removed and there were no signs of active bleeding or false aneurysm were noted. No additional interventions
or complications occurred.
Case 5 (HD). A 65-year-old man in our burn unit
underwent central line cannulation of the right subclavian
artery with a triple lumen 7F catheter. The injury was
recognized immediately, the catheter was left in place, and
vascular surgery consultation sought. The patient was
transported to the angiography suite. A guiding catheter
was inserted in the subclavian artery by transfemoral approach. The central line was exchanged over a 7F introducer, which was then removed after which a collagenbased vascular closure device was deployed to ensure
hemostasis. Angiographic image acquisition after deployment of the sealing device did not show active bleeding
therefore no further endovascular treatment was needed.
The patient made an uneventful recovery.
Case 6 (ND). A 63-year-old man in the ICU after a
right pneumonectomy was readmitted to the ICU with
respiratory failure and hemodynamic instability. Cardiac
echography demonstrated pulmonary hypertension. A
large-bore 8F catheter was inadvertently inserted in the
right common carotid artery despite ultrasound guidance.
Arterial injury was immediately recognized prompting vascular surgery consultation. The patient underwent surgical
exploration, the catheter removed under direct vision, and
the artery repaired without complications.
Case 7 (ND). A 74-year-old man was admitted to the
ICU because of pulmonary emboli suspicion, requiring
emergent intubation. With the aide of superficial landmarks, a large-bore 8F catheter was inadvertently inserted
into the right common carotid artery. Patient was fully
anticoagulated with heparin at that time. The patient underwent immediate surgical exploration and catheter removal under direct vision. The artery was repaired without
related complications. Catheter was noted to cross the
jugular vein before entering the common carotid artery.
Case 8 (MGH). A 74-year-old man was admitted to
the coronary unit for an acute myocardial infarct. An attempt to place a left jugular dialysis catheter using the
superficial landmarks was made by the anesthesiologist in the
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Volume 48, Number 4
operating room. Return seemed venous but when catheter
was inserted, arterial trauma was immediately recognized because of pulsatile bleeding and arterial pressure through the
catheter. Vascular surgery consultation was sought. Physical
examination revealed no hematoma, and the catheter insertion point at the skin was deemed to be in the left posterior
cervical triangle. Cervical exploration revealed that the catheter was in the proximal subclavian artery. Catheter removal
and arterial repair through a supraclavicular approach was
performed with no related complications.
Case 9 (MGH). A 59-year-old woman presented at
the emergency room in shock. A large bore catheter was
inserted in the right subclavian region without difficulty
but was not working properly. The next day, arterial pressures and waveforms were transduced through that catheter. The patient had no signs of hematoma or neurological
deficit. The patient was brought to the operating room for
catheter removal. The plan was to control the subclavian
artery in the supraclavicular and infraclavicular positions.
The entry point was hypothesized as being behind the mid
portion of the clavicle. While exposing the supraclavicular
portion, the catheter was found to enter the subclavian
artery in close proximity to the innominate artery. Removal
of the catheter and two pledgeted prolene u-stitches were
used for arterial repair with no complications.
Case 10 (MGH). A 79-year-old woman presented at
the emergency room with acute on chronic renal failure and a
potassium of 7.5. Insertion of a dialysis catheter was attempted
through the right jugular vein. Several puncture were made
and the catheter was noted to be in an artery because of
pulsatile return. After correction of her hyperkalemia, she was
brought to the operating room. Physical examination did not
reveal any hematoma, but the entry site at skin level was low.
The catheter was found to have entered into the distal innominate artery. Control of the carotid, subclavian and innominate
was obtained through a ministernotomy. The catheter was
removed and the artery repaired with two pledgeted
u-stitches. No complications occurred.
Case 11 (MGH). A 79-year-old man was admitted in
the ICU following a cranial trauma. A 7F three-lumen
catheter was inserted into his left subclavian and arterial
return was noted immediately and confirmed by transducing arterial pressure measurements. Chest x-ray was normal
except for the catheter placement in the arterial circulation.
The catheter was removed and local pressure applied. The
patient became hemodynamically unstable and required
fluid resuscitation with saline and blood products. No
hematoma was noted. A chest x-ray revealed the presence
of a left hemothorax. The vascular surgeon on call performed an angiogram through a femoral approach, and no
active bleeding was noted. Pressure and resuscitation was
continued. Patient had no sequelae from this complication.
Case 12 (MGH). A 78-year-old man trauma patient
was in the ICU breathing using moderate pressure support
through a tracheostomy cannula. Left subclavian access was
attempted but the 7F, 20 cm, three-lumen catheter was
inserted in an artery. The injury was immediately recognized. The catheter was immediately removed and pressure
Guilbert et al 921
applied at the insertion point. Over the next few hours the
patient required volume resuscitation in the form of saline
and blood products. A chest x-ray revealed a left pleural
effusion. A chest tube was placed, and drained a small
amount of blood. A thoracic surgery consult was sought
and a second 32F left chest tube was placed by the thoracic
surgeon. Again, little blood was drained but the pleural
effusion did not resolve. A total left lung collapse with
respiratory compromise was observed 24 hours after the
central line attempt. The patient required six units of blood
within the first 24 hours. He was brought to the operating
room for left lung decortication. During the surgery, a 3
mm hole was found on the left lateral part of the descending
thoracic aorta, 2 cm below the origin of the left subclavian
artery. The arterial entry site was partially clotted but bled
massively during the surgical approach and was directly
repaired. During surgery the patient required vasoactive
drugs, a rapid transfuser and four units of blood and four
units of fresh frozen plasma. A perioperative transesophageal examination revealed no descending aortic thrombus
or dissection. The patient had no other complications
related to the arterial puncture or the thoracotomy.
Case 13 (HMR). A 67-year-old woman was admitted
to the intensive care unit and an attempt was made to install
a triple lumen catheter in the left internal jugular vein.
Using dynamic ultrasound, the internal jugular vein and
carotid artery were visualised; they were superposed in their
more proximal part. Puncture with the localizing needle
revealed a venous flow. The introducer sheath was placed
over the guidewire and pulsatile flow was observed. The
catheter was left in place and the vascular surgery team was
consulted. They immediately transferred the patient to the
operating room. Exploration revealed that the catheter had
transected through the internal jugular vein and the carotid
artery. Both vessels were repaired and a Doppler at the end
of the intervention revealed good flow without thrombus
and a fixed atheromatous plaque. The patient was woken
up in the operating room to check her neurologic status,
which was intact, and was then re-induced. The patient
made an uneventful recovery and no neurologic deficit or
hematoma was noted.
Management of CRCAI
Overall, five articles met all our inclusion criteria regarding the management of CRCAI,4,6,14-16 which allowed the identification of 30 patients. All had undergone
jugular vein catheter placement either in the ICU (eight),
the operating room (20), or on the ward (two). Seventeen
of them were treated by immediate cannula removal, followed by application of direct pressure at the puncture site
for 5 to 30 minutes. The remaining 13 patients were treated
by surgical exploration of the artery, catheter removal under direct vision, and artery repair. In both groups, the
dimensions of the catheters were similar, varying between 7
and 8.5F. Eight of the 30 patients experienced complications. These eight patients were all treated initially by the
removal/pressure technique. The timing of complication
recognition varied, occurring immediately after catheter
JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY
October 2008
922 Guilbert et al
By pooling the data from published series and case
reports, patients treated by the pull/pressure method for
the carotid artery (15/24) and the subclavian artery (7/7)
had significant complications. Patients treated by surgical
exploration (1/14) or by the endovascular approach (0/
12) had very few complications. The single complication in
the surgical treatment group was an embolic stroke, possibly due to a delayed surgical intervention.13 In that case,
the surgical procedure took place more than 72 hours after
insertion of the large-caliber catheter. Four catheter-related
deaths (12.5%, 4/32) were reported in the literature in
patients treated by pull/pressure. The incidence of complications was highly different between pull/pressure vs the
surgical or endovascular approach, with a relative risk of
17.86 favoring surgical or endovascular repair (P ⬍ .001)
and a number needed to treat of 1.5 (1.3-2.4).
Fig 3. Complications related to differential management of
catheter-related cervicothoracic artery injury.
removal in four cases. Three patients had a rapidly enlarging
hematoma leading to airway compromise requiring urgent
difficult intubation. One patient died of a stroke recognized
immediately after catheter removal and pressure for 15
minutes (stroke risk ⫽ 5.9% [1/17]). Other complications
included pseudoaneurysm (three) and hemothorax (one).
Four of these eight patients had to undergo urgent surgical
intervention, and two died. None of the 13 patients treated
by immediate surgery suffered complications before or after
the intervention (complications: 47% (8/17) vs 0% (0/13),
P ⫽ .004 (Fig 3); mortality: 12% (2/17) vs 0% (0/13),
P ⫽ .49).
Using the same inclusion criteria but in case reports, we
found 27 patients with sufficient details of trauma: eight
were at the level of the carotid5,7,8,10,11,13 and 19 at the
level of the subclavian artery.8,9,17-22 Seven patients with
carotid cannulation had complications following treatment
by the pull/pressure method. These complications included five strokes resulting in two deaths, and two hematomas requiring emergent intubation. Three of these patients required surgery. One patient was treated initially by
delayed surgical exploration,13 which resulted in a stroke
due to an embolic event. The surgical procedure took place
more than 72 hours after insertion of the large-caliber
catheter. Nineteen patients with an inadvertent subclavian
artery cannulation were reported: seven had complications
after pull/pressure, and 12 were treated successfully without complications by the endovascular approach. The misplaced catheter was left in situ until treated successfully with
a percutaneous closure device (eight cases) or hemostasis
with balloon inflation (four cases) under local anesthesia.
These procedures were uneventful, and none of the patients suffered any complications. The seven complications
occurring after the pull/pressure approach were hemorrhage requiring emergent intubation in two cases and open
surgery in all cases. We also found one patient with complication following treatment with the pull/pressure
method for a vertebral artery trauma.11
DISCUSSION
Complications after catheter-related cervicothoracic arterial trauma can be devastating. Iatrogenic trauma to the
carotid or subclavian arteries may provoke severe bleeding,
arterial dissection, emboli, or thrombosis. Several case reports of complications, such as airway obstruction by cervical hematoma, shock from hemothorax, stroke from arterial thrombosis or cerebral emboli, pseudoaneurysm, or
arteriovenous fistula, can be found.23
In anesthetized patients, inadvertent arterial cannulation
that is not promptly recognized and managed can lead to
debilitating irreversible complications. Domino and colleagues24 observed that injuries related to central venous lines
were a frequent cause of claims in North America. In addition,
these injuries had a higher degree of severity and increased
mortality compared with other claims in the American Society
of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims database.
In a recent survey among vascular surgeons who were
presented with a hypothetical case of a large (8.5F) catheter
in a carotid artery, although 90% of respondent saw this
complication one to five times per year, as many as twothirds of them answered that they would simply pull the
large-bore sheath and apply pressure in the anesthetized
patient if cannulation was recognized promptly.25 Interestingly, when vascular surgeons were shown the results of the
present study at the 2007 Canadian Society of Vascular
Surgery meeting, most of them changed their management
as seen in response to pre- and post-test questions (Appendix, online only). This underscores the need to disseminate
the present information among professionals placing central venous lines as well as guidelines for the prevention and
management of these arterial injuries.
Injury prevention. Traditionally, central venous lines
were placed using superficial landmarks. Recently, the ultrasound guidance was proven efficient; nine prospective,
randomized studies compared anatomical landmark versus
ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein cannulation.25-33
In all these trials, initial success rates were higher in the
ultrasound guidance group. Complications were also reported and inadvertent arterial puncture rates were significantly lower by ultrasound in seven out of nine studies. In
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Volume 48, Number 4
our center, we noted an increase use of ultrasound guidance
for central line cannulation in the past 2 years, especially in
the intensive care. As seen in two of our patients, carotid
cannulation can occur despite ultrasound guidance. While
the focus of the present case series is not injury prevention
but treatment of arterial injury with a large bore catheter
once they are recognized, it gave us the opportunity to
further discuss the prevention issue in the operating room
and the intensive care unit and increased the awareness of
potential complication severity and proper training for central line placement.
Needle injury. Pulling a small 22-gauge or 25-gauge
“exploring” needle from a carotid artery and applying external
pressure to prevent hemorrhagic complications is a common
management approach which seems inconsequential in most
cases.34-36 This is probably often not reported in the medical
record and underreported in the literature. Only a few cases of
major complications related to needles in carotid arteries or
the aorta have been reported.5,37,38 In these cases, carotid
puncture with a 20-gauge or 21-gauge needle occurred under
general anesthesia and was treated by external compression for
3 to 15 minutes. These patients had significant carotid atherosclerotic plaque and presented embolic stroke in the first 48
hours postoperation. Postponing elective operation and neurological follow-up for 24 hours could be justified for selected
patients, especially those with atherosclerotic carotid disease,
higher stubs needle gauge, more than one arterial puncture, or
hematoma.
Large-bore catheter injury. Once recognized, the
management of more serious cervicothoracic arterial injuries will depend on several factors, such as the injury setting,
patient stability, catheter diameter and arterial injury,
whether still in place, and neurological status of the patient.
Early recognition of the arterial trauma and prompt management are required.
Two different approaches to unintended arterial cannulation during central venous catheterization have been
taken: removal of the cannula, followed by the application of
local pressure, and immediate surgical or endovascular
management. The present data demonstrate that with catheter 7F and over, the pull/pressure technique could be
associated with significantly higher morbidity than surgical
or endovascular management, including stroke, suddenly
expanding hematoma causing airway compression, false
aneurysm, or death.
One must take care to recognize that the low internal
jugular vein approach can injure not only the carotid artery
but also the subclavian or innominate vessels and even the
aorta.39 Subclavian approaches can also injure the aorta,
common carotid, or innominate artery. Although the target veins run in parallel to the major arteries, a significant
proportion of the arterial injuries were remote from the
intended access vein, precluding effective external pressure
to tamponade the bleeding from the arterial puncture.
Under no circumstances should prolonged arterial cannulation be tolerated. Several cases are described with thrombus found at the site of the arterial injury, especially after
Guilbert et al 923
prolonged catheterization. Heparinization should be considered if immediate treatment is not possible.
Stroke following the pull/pressure technique has been
described. Our results suggest an immediate stroke risk of
5.6% associated with the pull/pressure approach when
treating large-bore carotid injuries. Even a normal carotid
duplex in a sedated patient does not rule out a stroke. Therefore, we suggest prompt neurological evaluation before pursuing any elective intervention. Postponing elective surgery
will ensure that the anesthetized patient is not having an
unrecognized stroke. Kron and colleagues16 recommend
postponing elective open-heart surgery after two patients suffered serious complications when surgery was performed immediately after removal of the misplaced large sheath.
More recently, endovascular techniques, with covered
stent placement or percutaneous arterial closure device,
have been reported in cervical arterial injuries. These options are ideal for arterial trauma sites below or behind the
clavicle, such as the proximal carotid and subclavian artery.
Arterial trauma below the sternoclavicular joint should not
be repaired through a cervical approach. Clinical suspicion
of these low injuries should prompt preoperative imaging
to clarify the injury site and treatment plan.
Our review revealed that complications such as a false
aneurysm or arteriovenous fistula can be recognized as late as
2 weeks after CRCAI treated by the pull/pressure technique.
Such findings in imaging studies would be useful to plan
further treatment. Therefore, it would be reasonable to obtain
imaging in patients treated by the pull/pressure technique,
even if they are asymptomatic. Finally, 24 hours serial clinical
follow-up to exclude enlarging hematoma or neurological
complications is suggested, even if imaging is normal.
Relevant experience can also be obtained from management of the puncture site in percutaneous endovascular
interventions such as common femoral artery catheterization, keeping in mind that these are planned arterial catheterizations and are not accidental. Most coronary or peripheral procedures are performed with 5 or 6F catheter,
smaller than current central venous catheter (7 to 8.5F).
Major bleeding or hematoma after catheter removal and pressure in the groin occurs in 1.0% to 2.4% of patients, and the
complication rate increases with larger catheters. Complications are more frequent when the puncture site is either too
high or too low, precluding pressure against the femoral head.
Such knowledge should be taken into account when treating
CRCAI, as cervical hemorrhage or cerebral ischemic complications are far more serious and deadly. Adequate compression in the cervical area is not possible without jeopardizing
cerebral perfusion. We found several cases of rapidly enlarging
hematoma after the removal of a misplaced catheter, resulting
in difficult emergent intubation.4,7 The high rate of false
aneurysms after the pull/pressure management of large
CRCAI is not surprising.
There are no definite guidelines about the management
of accidental arterial cannulation during central venous
catheterization. Based on our review, we recommend the
guidelines enumerated in Fig 4.
JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY
October 2008
924 Guilbert et al
associated with a significant risk of hematoma, airway obstruction, stroke, and false aneurysm, especially when the
site of arterial trauma cannot be effectively compressed.
Endovascular treatment appears to be safe for the management of arterial injuries that are difficult to expose surgically, such as those below or behind the clavicle. After
arterial repair, prompt neurological evaluation should be
performed, even if it requires postponing elective intervention. Imaging is suggested to exclude arterial complications, especially if arterial trauma site was not examined and
repaired.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception and design: M-CG, SE, MD
Analysis and interpretation: M-CG, SE, DB
Data collection: M-CG, SE, DB, MC, NB, JFB, MD, LB
Writing the article: M-CG, SE, DB, MC
Critical revision of the article: M-CG, SE, DB, MC, NB,
J-FB, LB
Final approval of the article: M-CG, SE, DB, MC, NB,
J-FB, MD, LB
Statistical analysis: M-CG, SE, DB
Obtained funding: SE
Overall responsibility: SE
M-CG and SE contributed equally to this work.
REFERENCES
Fig 4. Proposed algorithm for cervical or thoracic arterial injury
with a large-bore catheter.
Limitations. The present study has some limitations.
First, obviously, we cannot assume that all cases of arterial
injuries are reported. Some arterial injuries treated by pull/
pressure that cause no complications may remain totally unreported and may not even be entered in the patient’s chart. In
our institution, however, hospital policy does not allow central
line to be placed on the ward. Following our search in anesthesia, ICU, and vascular surgery departments, we are confident that we have tracked most central line placements. Second, published papers merely represent a selection bias of case
reports (publication selection), and series with spectacular or
uncommon complications. On one hand uncomplicated arterial injuries treated by pull/pressure or patients presenting a
major complication after the pull/pressure method are not
reported. On the other hand, innovative approaches such as
stenting or arterial closure devices are more prone to be
described in the literature. The reference population criteria
that we used for initial study selection minimizes this bias by
excluding case reports and providing estimates of the success
rate of a chosen approach.
CONCLUSION
During central venous placement, prevention of arterial
puncture and cannulation is essential to minimize serious
sequelae. If arterial trauma with a large-caliber catheter
occurs, prompt surgical or endovascular treatment seems to
be the safest approach. The pull/pressure technique is
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Additional material for this article may be found online
at www.jvascsurg.org.
INVITED COMMENTARY
Stuart I. Myers, MD, Chattanooga, Tenn
The authors present an interesting retrospective series on the
management of iatrogenic carotid and subclavian artery trauma
after attempted central venous catheterization at their institutions.
This is an important and timely topic because we all strive to limit
complications from the various interventions we are called on to
perform. In brief, the authors compared results from the approach
of pulling the catheter and using pressure, the pull-and-push
technique, with the approach of using surgical or endovascular
interventions to limit morbidity and mortality. Although the numbers of patients reported are relatively small, the data strongly
suggest that the pull-and-push technique has a much higher morbidity than the surgical or endovascular approach.
What are the controversial points of this article? The first is that
the incidence of this problem is very low; therefore, it is difficult to
amass sufficient patients to establish statistically significant numbers. Despite this, the differences between the two groups are
striking and cannot be ignored.
The second controversial point is that the use of the pull-andpush technique requires less time and resources than open surgical
or endovascular techniques. Again, the major complications that
were found by the authors more than justify the use of surgical and
endovascular techniques. One has to be honest and decide if you
were the patient, what approach would you prefer? Are you willing
to risk a stroke or difficulty in stopping hemorrhage?
The third controversial point is that the article does not dwell
on the real issue, and that is prevention.
In my own practice, I use ultrasound guidance to place needles
for central venous access, access of arteriovenous fistulas and grafts,
and to perform diagnostic and interventional approaches to venous
and arterial disease. Ultrasound-guided needle placement is quite
easy, allows direct placement of the needle in the desired vessel, and
requires very little training and experience. Logically, one would think
that the use of ultrasound guidance would be particularly helpful to
physicians who are not comfortable with percutaneous needle or
catheter placement.
In summary, one should approach the percutaneous placement
of needles or catheters into the central veins with the use of ultrasound
guidance. Second, a physician who suspects inadvertent placement of
the needle or catheter into the carotid or subclavian arteries should
obtain immediate vascular surgical consultation to decide the next
series of steps. The algorithm described by the authors is logical and
simple and should help guide the reader in the care of these patients.