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1/24/12 •  Monarchy (tradi2onally, 753-­‐509 BC): -­‐ 7 kings, star2ng with Romulus (but also a senate) -­‐ Last few Kings were Etruscan -­‐ Ends when Tarquin the Proud is kicked out -­‐ trad. date 509 BC for founding of the Republic •  True? Specifics are legend, but, yes, there were kings. •  Traces of Monarchy: –  Regia (king’s house) –  Rex Sacrorum (king of sacred rites) a priesthood in the Republic •  Meanwhile in Greece: Homer & lyric poets like Sappho Early Republic (c. 509 to 264 BC) (res publica = commonwealth) -­‐ supreme power shared by annually elected officials -­‐ constant ext. struggle among small Italian city-­‐states -­‐ constant internal class struggle over poli2cal power -­‐ military and econ. decline a\er end of monarchy •  NB: kingdom and early Rep. not well known. Few historical sources & many legends, later distor2ons. •  Roman literature only begins in 3rd cent. BC, •  Meanwhile in Greece: Fi\h century = Athenian Golden Age, Classical period of democracy, Greek tragedy, & Athenian hegemony. 1 1/24/12 Middle Republic (c.264 – 133 BC) •  huge growth, and crea2on of “Roman Empire” as we know it. Rome mistress of Italy by 260s, and then dominates West. and East. Med. •  establishes internal poli2cal equilibrium between classes (but precarious) •  Meanwhile in Greece: •  Hellenis2c Age-­‐ compe2ng dynas2es all over East, figh2ng over pieces of Alexander the Great’s conquests. Late Republic (c.133-­‐31 BC) •  Con2nued external expansion in all direc2ons •  but paradoxically: internal chaos at Rome. Assassina2ons, violence, poli2cally sanc2oned murder, bribery, revolt, and civil war… •  End of Rep. as we know it in 31 BC, when young warlord Octavian (aka Augustus), wins civil war against Mark Antony (and Cleopatra) •  Easily best-­‐known period, mass of documenta2on -­‐-­‐ above all speeches and lehers, some2mes daily, of R’s greatest orator, Cicero (105-­‐43) 2 1/24/12 Principate / Empire •  Begins some2me around 31 BC when Octavian (aka Augustus) gains control •  named a\er rule of one man: chief ci2zen (princeps = first) •  Republic Restored?? Remember: central ins2tu2ons of Republican gov’t s2ll exist—s2ll consuls and a senate •  Western Roman Empire lasts un2l 5th cent. AD and Eastern half, even longer Figures and sta2s2cs— •  Popula2on of the city of Rome under Augustus
—about 1,000,000 •  Popula2on of Roman Empire at death of Augustus—about 54,000,000 Possibly 1/5 of all humans then alive lived in the territory of the Roman Empire. •  Literacy rate—maybe 15-­‐20%? •  Percentage of the pop. in slavery ca. 30% 3 1/24/12 Two founda2on stories combined: •  1) Romulus, Remus, Alba Longa, and She-­‐Wolf •  2) A\er Troy fell (1184, tradi2onal date), Aeneas leads survivors to La2um. War with La2ns, then merges with them. -­‐ Aeneas’ link to Rome standard by at least 3rd cent. B.C. -­‐ Combined with Romulus and Remus myth: R
+R supposedly descendants of Aeneas and his new, La2n wife. Aeneas’ route from Troy to La2um-­‐ as told by Vergil 4 1/24/12 Apc Black-­‐Figure Vase ca. 520 BC Apc Red-­‐Figure Vase 5th cent. BC Greek depic2ons of Aeneas carrying his father out of Troy Coin minted by Julius Caesar ca. 46 BC Aeneas rescues both father and the Palladium (sacred cult-­‐statue of Athena) from burning Troy. FYI: Julius Caesar traced his ancestry back to Aeneas… Terracoha statue from 1st cent. AD (Pompeii) 5 1/24/12 Aeneas rescuing father, son, and Troy’s sacred emblems -­‐painted by Federico Barrocci in 1598 AD -­‐now displayed in Villa Borghese Aeneas leaving Troy sculpted by Bernini c. 1619 (now housed in Villa Borghese) 6 1/24/12 The Problem of 753 BC •  April 21st 753 BC But Fall of Troy supposedly 1184 BC Gap way too large –invent kings of Alba Longa So: -­‐ Trojan hero Aeneas founds Lavinium -­‐ his son, Ascanius (or Iulus), founds Alba Longa -­‐ genera2ons later, his descendants, Romulus and Remus, found Rome -­‐ Rome destroys Alba (convenient) TroyLaviniumAlba LongaRome Why would it appeal to early Romans to be linked to Trojan Aeneas? •  link to Homeric past, but not Greek. •  if Troy = start of history and of Rome, then history and Rome = co-­‐extensive •  tale of assimila0on -­‐-­‐ na2ves and outcasts mixed to produce something drama2cally new (like Romulus’ asylum). Fits with the real problems of incorpora2ng so many new ci2zens during conquest of Italy. 7 1/24/12 Why don’t we buy Livy’s version? •  Clearly– the fabulous, supernatural nature of many parts of the story. •  Nature of historiography at Rome not same as ours. Focused on using history to instruct with good and bad examples. •  Alterna2on of good and bad kings is too neat •  The names look made up: Rom. > Rome; Numa > numen (divine power); Servius > servus (slave); Tarquinius > Tarquinii (an Etruscan town) 8 1/24/12 •  Before the kings: ~ 950 = Iron Age •  First substan2al sehlement in Rome: huts on Pala2ne and Esquiline Hills Etruscans arrive from the East around 700 BC 9 1/24/12 Etruscan Civiliza2on Effects of Etruscan influence at Rome • 
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Metal working techniques Arts Urban planning Commercial network Cra\smen, merchants, builders, religious experts ... And kings (last 3 kings) ROME: Est. poli2cal and commercial center of city: forum Est. religious center on Capitoline Hill: Capitolium 10 1/24/12 Cloaca Maxima emp2es into Tiber Greatest Sewer, built ca. 600 BC? 19th cent. pain2ng Odd collec2on of graffi2 near modern-­‐day cloaca maxima 11 1/24/12 Capitoline Hill Citadel & Religious center •  Capitoline triad: •  Jupiter, Juno, Minerva •  JOP = Jupiter Op0mus Maximus •  Jupiter Greatest & Best 12 1/24/12 Archaeology: Conclusions •  ~ 950 first sehlements in Rome •  625 Etruscans in Rome •  By ~ 500 Rome had its shape, like Greek and Etruscan towns: •  Temples, markets, shops, streets and drains •  Public spaces to gather for poli2cs, religious fes2vi2es, sport •  Very primi2ve, not (yet) marbled Rome Servius “the mixer” Tullius (578-­‐535) •  Tribes •  Army •  Temple of Diana 13 1/24/12 Greek contamina2on of Roman archaic history? In 509 BC: Expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus = expulsion of Hipparchus (last of tyrants in Athens) -­‐Both revolts triggered by sexual assault -­‐Tarquin Colla2nus (good guy) exiled from Rome just for his name. -­‐ Hipparchos son of Charmos (good guy) exiled from Athens just for his name. N.B.
-­‐Hipparchus son of Charmos from Kollutos -­‐ Tarquin Colla2nus from from Colla=a… -­‐Too exact a synchrony to be real? Historical plagiarism? Conscious emula2on of Athenian model? 14