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List of Topics to Review for the Final Exam* Covalent Bonding: Orbitals (Chapter 14, sections 1-6) Lewis structures, shapes, hybridization Molecular orbital diagrams (with and without s-p mixing; diatomic molecules and ions) Bond order (calculate it and use it to determine relative bond strength and length) Magnetism (paramagnetic vs. diamagnetic) Lab 1 Kinetics (Chapter 15, all sections) Rate expressions Method of initial rates Differential rate laws Integrated rate laws and half-lives Pseudo-rate laws and pseudo-rate constants Mechanisms; intermediates; steady-state approximation Temperature dependence of rate constant - Arrhenius equation (activation energy) Catalysis Lab 2 Intermolecular Forces (Chapter 16, sections 1, 2, 10, and 11) Given a series of molecules, know how to predict which will have the highest/lowest boiling point, vapor pressure, etc. by taking into account the dominant intermolecular forces involved (H-bond, dipole-dipole, ion charge-dipole charge, dispersion). Given a molecular formula, know how to determine what type of bonding/intermolecular forces will be important in determining solution or solid state properties. Vapor Pressure & Hvap of pure liquids Obtaining Hvap from Pvap vs Temp data (Clausius-Clapeyron equation) Changes of state, phase diagrams, and enthalpies of phase changes Lab 3 Solid State Structures (Chapter 16, sections 3-9) Given a series of elements, compounds, or molecules, be able to predict which will have the highest/lowest boiling point, melting point, etc. based on what you know about bonding in liquids and solids Know the differences between ccp/fcc, hcp, bcc, and sc Given a solid state packing structure (fcc, bcc, sc, hcp), know how many atoms or formula units are contained in the unit cell. Density – radius – edge length – packing efficiency – number of atoms in a unit cell (be able to work with these measurements) Ionic Solids (tetrahedral/octahedral holes and molecular formula) Alloys, semiconductors, doped semiconductors, conductors, and p-n junctions Properties of Solutions (Chapter 17) Concentration measurements: molality, molarity, mole fraction, % by mass, % by volume Thermodynamics of solution formation (Hsoln, Hhyd, Hlattice) Predicting relative solubilities of substances Henry’s Law & solubility of gases * While this a very full list, it’s always possible that I’ve overlooked something when putting this together. I suggest that you carefully review your class notes, HWs, quizzes, and labs, and be sure you have read the chapters as well. Effect of temperature on solubility Vapor pressure lowering & Raoult’s Law (including calculations involving volatile substances) Boiling Point Elevation, Tb Freezing Point Depression, Tf Osmotic Pressure, Determining MM from Osmotic Pressure, Tb, or Tf Colligative Properties of Ionic and Non-Ideal Solutions Lab 4 The Representative Elements of the Periodic Table (Chapter 18) Periodic trends in atomic size, ionization energies, electronegativities, metallic properties, melting points, reducing/oxidizing abilities, etc. and the reasons for any anomalies in the trends Location of metals vs nonmetals vs metalloids Typical structures/hybridization of molecules containing elements from the various groups Oxidation states of elements in various compounds Chemistry, properties, characteristic reactions of, and important uses/roles of o Hydrogen, Alkali Metals, and Alkaline Earth Metals (Groups 1 and 2) o Boron, Carbon, and Nitrogen families/groups (Groups 3, 4, and 5) o Oxygen and Halogen families/groups (Groups 6 and 7) Lab 5 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry (Chapter 19) Electron configurations and periodic trends within the first-row transition metal elements and their ions Coordination compounds (naming/formulas, electron configuration of metal ions, coordination numbers, ligands) Isomerism (classes of isomers; recognizing cis/trans or chiral isomers) Crystal Field Model (d-orbital splitting patterns and calculation of E; colors (absorbed and observed) and magnetism) Biological importance of TMs and coordination complexes Lab 6 Organic and Biochemical Molecules (Chapter 21) Naming/drawing: alkanes, cyclic alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as the alkyl substituents (know the systematic naming rules; for the alkyl substituents in Table 21.2, also know the common names) Isomers among organic molecules, both structural and stereoisomers Primary, secondary, and tertiary (know what these tell you about the atom(s) they are describing) Types of organic reactions (the three kinds we discussed) Recognizing, identifying, drawing, and naming functional groups within organic molecules Polymers (types of polymers and types reactions that create polymers) * While this a very full list, it’s always possible that I’ve overlooked something when putting this together. I suggest that you carefully review your class notes, HWs, quizzes, and labs, and be sure you have read the chapters as well.