Download The Trauma and Triumph of World War II: Part I

Honors US History II Ms. Hoey Name: ______________________________________________________________ Due Date: ________________________ The Trauma and Triumph of World War II: Part I Unit Overview: -­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
-­‐
The Rise of Dictators German Aggression The Holocaust Reasons for American Intervention The Home Front Major Battles in Europe The War in the Pacific Interment Camps The Atomic Bomb Essential Questions: 1. How, when, and why did America intervene in World War II? 2. What is a just war? Who decides? 3. How did the Holocaust’s legacy of trauma impact society? Massachusetts Frameworks: USII.14 Explain the strength of American isolationism after World War I and analyze its impact on U.S. foreign policy. (H) USII.15 Analyze how German aggression in Europe and Japanese aggression in Asia contributed to the start of World War II and summarize the major battles and events of the war. On a map of the world, locate the Allied powers (Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States) and Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan). (H) USII.16 Explain the reasons for the dropping of atom bombs on Japan and their short and long-­‐term effects. (H) USII.17 Explain important domestic events that took place during the war. (H, E)
DICTATOR COUNTRY ACTIONS TAKEN What were the origins and goals behind dictatorship? APPEASEMENT ON THE ROAD TO WAR Event Significance Date Germany annexes Austria. Chamberlain meets with Hitler and agrees to let him claim Sudetenland. Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France sign the Munich Agreement. France and Great Britain agree to support Poland against the Nazis. Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Nazi-­‐Soviet Pact. Germany invades Poland. Great Britain and France declare war on Germany. APPEASEMENT: PRIMARY SOURCE PERSPECTIVES Directions: Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement was controversial at the time and has been debated by historians and policymakers ever since the Munich Agreement. Examine the following documents and evaluate their different perspectives on appeasement. Answer the questions that follow each document. Document A: Neville Chamberlain (Modified) Neville Chamberlain met with Adolf Hitler twice in 1938 to discuss Germany’s aggressive foreign policy. On September 30, 1938, they signed the Munich Pact, which gave the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia to Germany. In exchange, Hitler agreed that Germany would not seek to acquire additional territory. In this excerpt, Chamberlain defends the agreement in front of the United Kingdom’s House of Commons. What is the alternative to this bleak and barren policy of the inevitability of war? In my view it is that we should seek by all means in our power to avoid war, by analyzing possible causes, by trying to remove them, by discussion in a spirit of collaboration and good will. I cannot believe that such a program would be rejected by the people of this country, even if it does mean the establishment of personal contact with dictators... ...I do indeed believe that we may yet secure peace for our time, but I never meant to suggest that we should do that by disarmament, until we can induce others to disarm too. Our past experience has shown us only too clearly that weakness in armed strength means weakness in diplomacy, and if we want to secure a lasting peace, I realize that diplomacy cannot be effective unless...behind the diplomacy is the strength to give effect... I cannot help feeling that if, after all, war had come upon us, the people of this Country would have lost their spiritual faith altogether. As it turned out the other way, I think we have all seen something like a new spiritual revival, and I know that everywhere there is a strong desire among the people to record their readiness to serve their Country, where-­‐ever or however their services could be most useful.... Vocabulary induce: convince Source: Neville Chamberlain to the House of Commons, October 5, 1938. Document A: Guiding Questions 1. When and where did this speech take place? 2. Why might people in England support appeasement? Document B: Winston Churchill (Modified) Winston Churchill was the loudest and most important critic of Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement. He believed that Hitler and Germany needed to be dealt with more firmly. The following excerpt is from part of a speech Churchill made to the House of Commons as they debated the Munich Agreement. ...I will begin by saying what everybody would like to ignore or forget but which must nevertheless be stated, namely, that we have sustained a total...defeat...The utmost he [Chamberlain] has been able to gain for Czechoslovakia and in the matters which were in dispute has been that the German dictator, instead of snatching his victuals from the table, has been content to have them served to him course by course. ...I have always held the view that the maintenance of peace depends upon the accumulation of deterrents against the aggressor, coupled with a sincere effort to redress grievances...After the [German] seizure of Austria in March...I ventured to...pledge that in conjunction with France and other powers they would guarantee the security of Czechoslovakia while the Sudeten-­‐Deutsch question was being examined either by a League of Nations Commission or some other impartial body, and I still believe that if that course had been followed events would not have fallen into this disastrous state... I venture to think that in the future the Czechoslovak State cannot be maintained as an independent entity. You will find that in a period of time, which may not be measured by years, but may be measured only by months, Czechoslovakia will be engulfed in the Nazi regime...We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude which has befallen Great Britain and France...This is only the beginning of the reckoning... Vocabulary victuals: food deterrents: strategies for preventing something redress: to make right impartial: fair and just engulfed: consumed Source: Winston Churchill to the House of Commons, October 5, 1938. Document B: Guiding Questions 1. When and where did this speech take place? 2. What does Churchill think about Chamberlain’s appeasement policy? Develop a 2-­‐paragraph claim, using at least 3 quotes from the sources: Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938? _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________ MAPPING WORLD WAR II Follow the mapping directions. You may color, code, and label your maps however you choose, but you must include a map key. Map 1: The European Theater 1. Label the European countries. 2. Indicate German and Italian invaded countries in 1939. 3. Color-­‐code to show which countries were Allied Powers, which were Axis Powers, and which remained neutral. Map 2: The Pacific Theater 1. Label the countries in the Pacific. 2. Indicate which countries were Japanese territories in 1941. JAPAN BUILDS AN EMPIRE: PRE-­‐READING QUESTIONS 1. Why did Japan want to take over Manchuria? 2. Why did Japan withdraw from the League of Nations? 3. Why did Japan want to invade China? 4. What is the Rape of Nanking? 5. With whom did Japan become Allies in 1940? THE RAPE OF NANKING: CONSIDERING MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES Part I: Read the following two textbook excerpts and answer the questions that follow. Textbook A Excerpt In August 1937, two Japanese soldiers, one an officer, were shot to death in Shanghai (the hub of foreign interests). After this incident, the hostilities between Japan and China escalated. Japanese military officials thought Chiang Kai-­‐shek would surrender if they captured Nanking, the Nationalist capital; they occupied that city in December.* But Chiang Kai-­‐shek had moved his capital to the remote city of Chongqing. The conflict continued. *At this time, many Chinese soldiers and civilians were killed or wounded by Japanese troops (the Nanjing Incident). Documentary evidence has raised doubts about the actual number of victims claimed by the incident. The debate continues even today. Textbook B Excerpt The Nanjing Massacre: In December 1937, the Japanese military captured Nanjing. The Japanese military committed bloody atrocities against the residents of Nanjing and prisoners of war, killing them in extremely cruel methods including mass execution, burning, burying alive, beheading, and biting by dogs. The Nanjing Massacre was the most horrible [event] in world [history]... According to statistics, the estimate of the deaths caused by Japanese atrocities against unarmed Nanjing residents and Chinese soldiers amounted to more than 300,000 just during the six weeks of the occupation by the Japanese military. The Nanjing Massacre is one of the greatest acts of violence perpetrated by the Japanese aggressors on the Chinese people. 1. Predict which textbook excerpt is from New Century: Standard History Textbook in Mandatory Education. Published by Beijing’s Teachers’ College Press. Beijing, China: 2001. How do you know? 2.
Predict which textbook excerpt is from New History Textbook. Published by Fusosha, Tokyo, Japan: 2005. How do you know? Part II: Corroboration means comparing and contrasting the perspectives of multiple sources in order to confirm a historical argument. Use Document C to corroborate Documents A and B. Document C: Historian Jonathan Spence There followed in Nanjing a period of terror and destruction that must rank among the worst in the history of modern warfare. For almost seven weeks the Japanese troops, who first entered the city on December 13, unleashed on the defeated Chinese troops and on the helpless Chinese civilian population a storm of violence and cruelty that has few parallels. The female rape victims, many of whom died after repeated assaults, were estimated by foreign observers living in Nanjing at 20,000; the fugitive soldiers killed were estimated at 30,000; murdered civilians at 12,000. Other contemporary Chinese estimates were as much as ten times higher (300,000) and it is difficult to establish exact figures. Certainly robbery, wanton destruction, and arson left much of the city in ruins, and piles of dead bodies were observable in countless locations. Source: Excerpt from Jonathan Spence’s book, The Search for Modern China, published in 1999. Spence specialized in Chinese history and taught at Yale University from 1993 to 2008. 1. List 2-­‐3 ways Spence’s article compares or contrasts with the Japanese textbook. 2. List 2-­‐3 ways Spence’s article compares or contrasts with the Chinese textbook. 3. Why is corroboration a necessary tool for historians?