Download 9th Grade TAKS Vocabulary Objective 2

9th Grade TAKS Vocabulary
Objective 2- The student will demonstrate an understanding of geographic influences on historical
issues and events.
(WG1) History. The student understands how geographic contexts (the geography of places in the past) and processes
of spatial exchange (diffusion) influenced events in the past and helped to shape the present.
The student is expected to:
(A) analyze the effects of physical and human geographic patterns and processes on events in the past.
Vocabulary Word
Definition
Spatial Exchange/
Spread and adoption of ideals
Diffusion
immigration
People leaving a region or country
Emigration
People entering a region or country
innovation
New ideals that a culture accepts
(B) trace the spatial diffusion of a phenomenon and describe its effects on regions of contact such as the spread
of bubonic plague, the diffusion and exchange of foods between the New and Old Worlds.
Vocabulary Word
Definition
Colonialism
a policy in which a country rules other nations and develops trade for its own benefit
Imperialism
the policy of extending the rule or influence of a country over other countries or colonies
Acculturation
Adopting traits of another culture
Globalization
The process in which connections around the world increase and cultures become more alike
(WG6) Geography. The student understands the types and patterns of settlement, the factors that affect where people
settle, and processes of settlement development over time.
The student is expected to:
(A) observe patterns in the size and distribution of cities using maps, graphics, and other information.
Vocabulary Word
Definition
Population Density
Number of people per square mile
Demography
Study of the population
Push Factors
Causes people to leave a location
Pull Factors
Attracts people to a location
Population pyramid
Graphs showing the percentage of males and females by age group in a country’ s population
Demographic
Cycle of increase and decrease of a population as the region becomes industrialized
transition cycle
(WG8) Geography. The student understands how people, places, and environments are connected and interdependent.
The student is expected to:
(B) compare ways that humans depend on, adapt to, and modify the physical environment using state, national,
and international human activities in a variety of cultural and technological contexts.
Vocabulary Word
Definition
deforestation
Destruction or lost of forest
Greenhouse Effect
The process in which earth’s atmosphere traps heat energy
Global Warming
The process in which the earth’s grows warmer of a period of time
Desertification
Spreading of desert condition
Urbanization
Growth in proportion of people living in towns and cities
Soil exhaustion
A condition in which soil has lost nutrients and become nearly useless for farming
Crop rotation
The practice of planting different crops in a field in alternating years
(WG19) Science, technology, and society. The student understands the impact of technology and human modifications
on the physical environment.
The student is expected to:
(A) evaluate the significance of major technological innovations, including fire, steam power, diesel machinery,
and electricity that have been used to modify the physical environment.
Vocabulary Word
Definition
Technology
The creation and use of tools to meet practical needs.
Urbanization
The movement of people from rural to urban areas, resulting in the growth of urban areas.
Pollution
Damage to the natural environment caused by harmful substances.
Greenhouse Effect
The processes by which gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun and keep it close to
Earth’s surface.
Hydroelectricity
Electricity that is generated from the power of moving water.
Ecosystem
A community of all the living things in an area and the environment in which they live.
Deforestation
The removing or clearing away the trees in a forest.
(WG20) Science, technology, and society. The student understands how technology affects definitions of, access to,
and use of resources.
The student is expected to:
(A) describe the impact of new technologies.
Vocabulary Word
Definition
Ecosystem
A community of all living things in an area, including plants, animals, and the physical
environment in which they live
Globalization
The development of a global society in which people, money, information, and goods flow fairly
freely across national borders.
Urban sprawl
The rapid, often poorly planned spread of development from an urban area outward into rural
areas.
Consumption
The using up of goods or services
Spatial inequality
The unequal distribution of wealth or resources in a geographic area, so the some places are
richer than others.
Deforestation
Removing or clearing away the trees from a forest.
Sustainable
Using resources in ways that meet the needs of people today without hurting the ability of future
development
generations to meet their own needs. This means finding ways to use resources without using
them up.
Objective 3- The student will demonstrate an understanding of economic and social influences on historical
issues and events.
(WG5) Geography. The student understands how political, economic, and social processes shape cultural patterns and
characteristics in various places and regions.
The student is expected to:
(B) analyze political, economic, social, and demographic data to determine the level of development and standard
of living in nations.
Vocabulary Word
Definition
Infant Mortality Rate
Annual number of deaths of infants under age one per one thousand live births
Birth Rate
Number of births per 1,000 population
Death Rate
Number of deaths per 1,000 population
GDP/cap ( or GNI
Gross national income in purchasing power parity divided by population ( A person’s individual
PPP/ cap)
share of the country’s economy if it were divided into equal portions)
Literacy rate
The percentage of the population age 15 and older who can read and write in native language
Life Expectancy
The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels
Rate o f Natural
Birth rate minus the death rate
Increase
(WG10) Economics. The student understands the distribution and characteristics of economic systems throughout the
world.
The student is expected to:
(C) compare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as
subsistence agriculture versus market-oriented agriculture or cottage industries versus commercial industries.
Vocabulary Word
Definition
Communism
system which eliminated private property
Developed Country
country in which a great deal of manufacturing is carried out
Developing Country
country that is working toward industrialization
economic system
system that sets rules for how people decide what goods and services to produce and how they
are exchanged
economy
how people make and spend money
industrialize
to change an economy to rely more on manufacturing and less on farming
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement between U.S., Mexico, Canada
service industry
business that provides services to people instead of producing goods
subsistence farm
small plot where a farmer grows only enough food to feed his own family
tariff
tax added to the value of goods that are imported
free enterprise
an individual can run their own business and keep the profits with little government intereference
GDP
Gross Domestic Product, the value of goods and services produced in a countries border
(WG18) Culture. The student understands the ways in which cultures change and maintain continuity.
The student is expected to:
(A) describe the impact of general processes such as migration, war, trade, independent inventions, and diffusion
of ideas and motivations on cultural change (correlates with WH1B).
Vocabulary Word
Definition
Diffusion
the process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or group to another
across space.
urban
area in the city
Immigration
person who moves to a new country to make a permanent home
Emigrate
to move to another country
ethnic cleansing
forcing people from a different ethnic group to leave their
ethnic group
people who share a common history, language, religion, and physical characteristics
genocide
mass murder of a people because of their race, religion, ethnicity, politics, or culture
Nomad
people who move from place to place with herds of animals
Refugee
person who flees to another country to escape persecution or disaster
rural
area in the countryside
Objective 5- The student will use critical thinking skills to analyze social studies information.
(WG21) Social studies skills. The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a
variety of sources including electronic technology.
The student is expected to:
(A) use historical, geographic, and statistical information from a variety of sources such as databases, field
interviews, media services, and questionnaires to answer geographic questions and infer geographic
relationships.
Vocabulary Word
Definition
majority group
group in society that controls most of the wealth and power, though not always the largest group
in numbers
Birth rate
Number of babies per 1000 people
Death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 people
Infant mortality rate
Number of infant deaths per 1000 born
Minority group
Group in society that are different in some characteristic from the group with the most power and
wealth in a region
Population density
average number of people living in a square mile or square kilometer
Arable land
land fit for agriculture
(WG21) Social studies skills. The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a
variety of sources including electronic technology.
The student is expected to:
(C) interpret maps to answer geographic questions, infer geographic relationships, and analyze geographic
change.
Vocabulary Word
Definition
Formal Regions
Formal (homogeneous) regions are places with similar features.
Functional Regions
a group of places that are linked together by a flow of something or in some other ways.
absolute location
exact position of a place on the earth’s surface
Relative location
where a place is on earth in general terms
Altitude/elevation
height above sea level
axis
line that runs through the earth’s center between the N and S poles
cardinal directions
basic directions on earth: North, South, East, West
contiguous
areas that are joined together inside a common boundary
continent
massive land area (Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America,)
Scale
Ratio of distance on a map relative to actual distance
Legend/key
Tells what symbols stand for features on a map
Compass rose
Shows cardinal directions/principal directions
Tropics
low-latitude region between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn
Prime Meridian
Line that runs north and south at 0 degrees longitude