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Transcript 
Molekulární biologie
(KBC/MBIOG)
Ivo Frébort
Alberts et al. (2008) Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed.
Garland Science, New York
8. Membrane transport and
energy conversion
Permeability of the lipid membranes to
different classes of molecules
Two types of protein-mediated transport
Passive and active transport
Passive transport by a carrier
Active transport
Regulation of a glucose carrier by Na+ gradient
Action of bacterial lactose permease
Transcellular transport of solutes
Three basic types of transporters
Plasma Na+-K+ pump
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum Ca2+
pump
The auxiliary transport
system in Gram-negative
bacteria
ABC transporter
ABC transporters in bacteria and eucaryotes
Ion channels and membrane polarization
Bacterial K+ channel
Vertebrate neurons use voltage-gated channels
An action potential
The propagation of an action
potential along an axon
The „ball-and-chain“ model for the action
of a voltage-gated K+ channel
Patch-clamp recording of the current through
voltage-gated channels
Transmitter-gated ion channels: acetylcholine receptors
The system of ion channels at a neuromuscular junction
A motor neuron cell in the spinal cord
Long-term potentiation: the principle of learning
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) – artificial Glu analog
The energy conversion: mitochondria and chloroplasts
Harnessing energy for life
Chemiosmotic coupling
The electron transport processes
The mitochondria
Positioning of mitochondria in the tissues that move
Energy-generating metabolism in mitochondria
The ATP synthase
Movement of ATP synthase
Active transport processes driven by the proton gradient
across the inner mitochondrial membrane
The rotation of bacterial flagellum driven by H+ flux
Two modes of action of ATP synthase
The respiratory chain
Electron transport (Electron transport.mov)
The NADH dehydrogenase complex
Cytochrome b-c1
Cytochrome oxidase:
the terminal oxidase
A general model for H+ pumping
Metabolic function of mitochondria
H+-driven transport in bacteria
Chloroplasts
Anatomy of an chloroplast
Photosynthesis and carbon fixation
The carbon fixation cycle
C3 and C4 plants differ in the compartmentalization
of carbon fixation
The photosynthetic system
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
Changes in redox potential during photosynthesis
Different photosystems
Comparison of electron transfer
complexes
Proton flow and ATP synthase in mitochondria and chloroplasts
Genetic systems of mitochondria and plastids
DNA staining
Dynamic mitochondrial reticulum
Mitochondrial genomes
Diverse sizes
Origin of mitochondria
The human mitochondrial genome
The chloroplast genome of liverwort
(all nearly identical in higher plants)
Marchantia polymorpha
Non-Mendelian inheritance
of mitochondrial genes
The origin of mitochondrial RNAs and proteins
Proposed evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Proposed evolution of living organisms on Earth
Proposed evolution of oxidative phosphorylation
Obtaining energy by fermentation in some present-day bacteria
Electron transport systems in some present-day bacteria
Photosynthesis in green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobium tepidum)
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