Download Macromolecule notes - Renton School District

Macromolecules
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The Atoms of Life
•
The most frequently found atoms in the
body are…
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•
•
•
•
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Carbon
What are other
Hydrogen
elements would
Nitrogen
you expect to be
Oxygen
on this list?
Phosphorous
Sulfur (sometimes)
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Roles of Molecules of Life
• Each macromolecule has one
or more roles in living systems
• Structure
• Transport
• Information
• Production
• Energy
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Organic Compounds
• Organic Compounds = made of
CARBON
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Carbon Review (C)
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons
• Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
• Usually bonds with C, H, O or N.
• Example: CH4(methane)
C6H12O6 (glucose)
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Macromolecules
• Def: Large organic molecules
– Also called POLYMERS
• Broken apart by Hydrolysis reactions
• Made from Dehydration reactions
– Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERS
• 4 Types in Living things:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
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Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates = sugar molecule
• Made of C,H,O
• 3 Types:
A. monosaccharide (monomer)
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Also called “simple sugars”
Examples:
glucose
fructose
galactose
glucose (C6H12O6)
- human fuel supply
- what doesn’t get used = storage
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar units
→ Made from dehydration reaction
Examples:
– Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
– Lactose (glucose + galactose)
– Maltose (glucose + glucose)
glucose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Also Called “complex sugars”
Examples:
starch (bread, potatoes) - plants
glycogen (beef muscle) -
animals
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Functions of carbohydrates:
1. Energy source for plants & animals (glucose)
2. Short term energy storage
3. Structure (membranes, tissues, etc…)
4. Source of Carbon
Example: Cellulose
– Used for structure of stems in plants and vegetables
– Humans can’t digest/Ruminants can (sheep/cow)
– Maintains digestive tract – FIBER (humans)
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Carbohydrate Review
Elements
its made of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Monomer
Monosaccharide
Function(s)
Provide Energy to
cells (short-term)
Structure of
membranes and
tissues
Example(s)
Sugars (glucose)
Starches
Glycogen
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Lipids
• Hydrophobic = hates water
• Structure:
– 3-Carbon backbone (glycerol)
– 3-Fatty Acid chains (hydrocarbon) - MONOMER
• Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Triglycerides (polymer)
Phospholipids
Oils
Waxes
Steroid hormones
Fats
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Lipids
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
– Saturated = max # of hydrogen used
– Unsaturated = NOT max # of hydrogen (double
bonds w/carbon)
H
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
fatty acids
H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH
2
2
2
H
glycerol
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats continued…
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•
•
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Saturated
Solid at room temperature
Butter, animal fats (lard)
Function: To make cholesterol
– Makes steroids (FSH, LH, testosterone, estrogen,
etc…)
– Membrane structure
– Build up of plaque (NOT GOOD!)
• Unsaturated
– Liquid at room temperature
– Fruits, Veggies, fish, corn oil, olive oil, etc…
– Function: to make membranes
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Lipids
Functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss
(insulation)
3. Protection against water loss
4. Chemical messengers
(hormones/steroids)
5. Major component of membranes
(cholesterol)
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Lipids Review
Elements
its made of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Monomer
Function(s)
Energy Storage
Fatty Acid (long-term)
Structure of
membranes
(triglycerides &
cholesterol)
Prevent Heat Loss
Example(s)
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Steroids
Hormones
Signaling
(hormones/steroids)
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
• Made of Amino acids (monomer)
– 20 different kinds
– bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides)
• Occurs from a dehydration reaction
• Structure of Amino acid:
– Carbon surrounded by
• 1-Hydrogen group
• 1-Carboxyll group (COOH)
• 1-Amino Group (NH2)
• 1-Side group (R-group)
– 20 different R-groups = 20 different amino acids
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Protein Shape = Functional
• Proteins in a simple form (amino acid chain)
do NOT function properly!
– Proteins need to be shaped, twisted,
coiled
– Multiple polypeptides intertwined creates
a functional protein
– Denaturation = protein loses
shape/unraveled
• When denaturation occurs a protein loses
its function
– Example: Cooking an egg
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
6 functions of proteins:
1. Provide Structure (hair, fur, muscles, etc…)
2. Long term nutrient storage
3. Transports oxygen using hemoglobin
4. Providing immunity (antibodies)
5. Conveys messages using hormones
6. Allow for cell metabolism using enzymes
- enzymes speed up chemical reactions
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How Enzymes Work
• Enzymes
– Serve as a catalyst (speed up chemical
reactions)
– Lower energy requirements (investments)
– Have specific binding sites for certain
molecules
• Activation Sites
Enzyme
Cycle
Protein Review
Elements
its made of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
(sometimes)
Monomer
Amino
Acid
Function(s)
Structure (hair, fur,
nails, muscle)
Body Defense
(antibodies)
Transport Oxygen
(hemoglobin)
Example(s)
Enzymes
Hormones
Hemoglobin
Antibodies
Convey messages
(insulin)
Speed up chemical
reactions (enzymes)
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Nucleic acids
• Two types (examples):
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA-double helix
b. Ribonucleic acid
RNA-single strand
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Nucleic acids
• Made of Nucleotides (monomer)
• Structure of a nucleotide
– phosphate group
– pentose sugar (5-carbon)
– nitrogen base:
• adenine (A)
• thymine (T) DNA only
• uracil (U) RNA only
• cytosine (C)
• guanine (G)
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Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group
O
O=P-O
O
5
CH2
O
N
C1
C4
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3
C2
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Nucleic acids
• Structure of a nucleotide continued
– Nucleotides are linked together by
covalent bonds between phosphate
and sugar
• “Sugar-Phosphate Backbone”
• Results in several combinations of
nucleotide chains
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DNA - double helix
5
O
3
3
O
P
5
O
C
G
1
P
5
3
2
4
4
2
3
1
P
T
5
A
P
3
O
O
P
5
O
3
5
P
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Nucleic acids
• 3 Major Functions:
1. Store & Pass on genetic information
from one generation to the next
2. Create proteins
3. Control all cell functions
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Nucleic Acid Review
Elements
its made of
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Monomer
Function(s)
Store & Pass
Nucleotide Genetic Traits
Create Proteins
Example(s)
DNA
RNA
Control all Cell
functions
Phosphorous
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