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Review Sheet 3 Chapter 12 Cell Cycle Genome, chromosomes, and chromatin Somatic cell and gametes Sister chromatids and centromeres Phases of the Cell Cycle Interphase G1 - Growth phase 1 S phase - DNA synthesis phase G2 - Growth phase 2 M phase Mitosis Cytokinesis Subphases of Mitosis - know what happens in each subphase Prophase Prometaphase Mitotic spindle Centrosome Kinetochore and Non-kinetochore microtubules Metaphase Metaphase plate Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow and cell plate Cell cycle regulation Checkpoints Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases Cancer Benign and malignant tumors Metastasis Chapter 13 Heredity, genes, variation and genetics Asexual and sexual reproduction Sex chromosomes and autosomes Homologous chromosomes Locus Diploid and haploid Three different types of life cycles and organisms that they occur in Alternation of generation - sporophyte, spores and gametophyte Subphases of Meiosis Meiosis I Interphase I Prophase I Synapsis Tetrads Chiasmata Crossovers Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II At which subphase of meiosis do sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes separate? Three sources of genetic variation Chapter 14 Gregor Mendel Character and Trait Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses P, F1 and F2 generations Law of Segregation Alleles Two inherited, one from each parent Dominant and recessive alleles Segregation during gamete production Law of Independent Assortment Homozygous and heterozygous Phenotype and genotype Testcross - know how to do the Punnett squares Complete dominance, incomplete dominance and codominance Multiple alleles Pleiotropy, epistasis, and polygenic inheritance Nature vs. Nurture Pedigrees and carriers Recessively inherited disorders Dominantly inherited disorders Polygenic disorders Chapter 15 Wild type and mutant Sex-linked and linked genes Recombination - parental types and recombinants Genetic mapping - cytological and linkage maps Sex determination systems Sex-linked inheritance and disorders X inactivation and Barr bodies Nondisjunctions and aneuploidy Trisomy and monosomy Polyploidy Chromosomal structural alterations Chapter 16 Griffiths Hershey-Chase Chargaff and his rules Watson-Crick The Double Helix DNA Replication Semiconservative model Origin of Replication Replication fork DNA polymerase, ligase, primase, helicase, and single-strand binding proteins Antiparallel - 5' to 3' Leading strand, lagging strand, and Okasaki fragments DNA Repair Mismatch repair Excision repair Nuclease Telomeres and telomerases Chapter 17 One gene - one polypeptide Transcription mRNA Transcription unit RNA polymerase Stages of transcription Initiation Promoter, TATA box, transcription factors and transcription initiation complex Elongation Termination RNA processing End alteration - 5' cap and poly(A) tail Splicing Primary transcript, introns and exons Spliceosome Template strand Triplett code and codons Translation Transfer RNA and anticodons Ribosomes - ribosomal RNA, P site, A site and E site Initiation Elongation Codon recognition Peptide bond formation Translocation Termination Polyribosomes Signal peptides and signal recognition particle Mutations Point mutations Base-pair substitutions - silent, missense and nonsense mutations Insertions and deletions - frameshift mutation Mutagens
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