Download exploring butterfly fauna (lepidoptera)

SOAJEntomological
Volume 1 (2012) 119-129
Research Article
Studies
ISSN 2278-5566
EXPLORING BUTTERFLY FAUNA (LEPIDOPTERA) OF
KOHAT, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN
Farzana Perveen

and Ayaz Ahmad
Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra-21300, Pakistan.
(Received 21 January 2012, Accepted 1 March 2012; Academic Editor: Arash Zibaee)
Copyright © 2012 Perveen and Ahmad. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The butterflies have great aesthetic and commercial values as they are beneficial as pollinator and environmental
indicator. In this study, 21 species were identified belonging to 3 different families and 6 subfamilies from Kohat,
Pakistan during September-December 2008. Of the reported families, Nymphalidae covered 33%, Papilionidae 10%,
and Pieridae 57% of total numbers of collected butterflies of Kohat. Six species were belonging to subfamily
Nymphalinae and one to Satyrinae. Two species belong to Papilioninae, the only subfamily of Papilionidae. The
family Pieridae includs 3 subfamilies namely Pierinae, Coliaclinae and Coliadinae contained 5, 1 and 6 species,
respectively. The minimum wingspan of collected butterflies belongs to the little orange tip, Colotis etrida
Boisduval (25 mm) which was the smallest butterfly, however, the maximum one belongs to the lime butterfly,
Papilio demoleus Linnaeus (100 mm) as well as the common mormon, P. polytes Linnaeus which were the largest
butterflies. A detail study is required for further exploration of butterflies’ fauna of Kohat.
Keywords: Butterfly, Kohat, Lepidoptera, wingspans
1. Introduction
Of the 1.4 million species on the earth planet, over 53% are insects, while about 15,000-16,000 species of
butterflies are known worldwide (Hassan, 1994). Lepidoptera is one of the most widespread and widely
recognizable insect orders in the world. The term was coined by Linnaeus in 1735 and is derived from
ancient Greek words for scale and wing. Linnaeus in Systema Naturae (1758) recognized three divisions
of the Lepidoptera: Papilio, Sphinx and Phalaena, with seven subgroups in Phalaena. These persist today
as 9 of the superfamilies of Lepidoptera. Comprising an estimated 174,250 species, in 126 families and 46
superfamilies, the Lepidoptera show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain

. Correspondence: Farzana Perveen, Founder Chairperson, Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Garden
Campus, Mansehra‐21300, Pakistan Tel: + 0922‐414266 (Off.); 0300‐2253872; 0321‐8909837, 38 (Cells).
E.mail: [email protected]
Perveen and Ahmad. 1 (2012) 119-129/ BUTTERFLY FAUNA (LEPIDOPTERA) OF KOHAT
advantages in lifestyle and distribution. Recent estimates suggest that the order may have more species
than earlier thought, and is among the four most speciose orders, along with the Hymenoptera, Diptera
and the Coleoptera (Powell, 2009). More than 5,000 species of insects including 400 species of butterflies
and moths have been reported from Pakistan (Khan et al., 2000 and 2007). Butterflies have been regarded
as the symbol of beauty and grace (Rafi et al., 2000). They are the best known insects due to their diurnal
habitats and readily recognized by their bright colours, marvelous shapes and graceful flight give pleasure
to everyone (Javaid, 1978). They are beneficial as pollinator, environmental indicator and have great
aesthetic and commercial values (Ahsan and Javaid, 1975).
Kohat is bounded on the north by Peshawar and Nowshera districts, respectively, on the east by
Attock, the south by Mianwali of the Punjab province and Karak district and on the west by Hangu
district and Orakzai agency of FATA. The total area of the district is 2545 km2. The Kohat valley is the
most important agriculturally rich area. Generally, the district is elevated and attained only inconsiderable
heights above the plain area. The headquarter town of Kohat is more than 550 m above the sea level
(Schmitt, 2007). Its climate is hot from May to September with the hottest in June. Minimum and
maximum temperature recorded during June is about 27 °C and 45 °C, respectively. A pleasant change in
the weather is noted from October onwards up till February. The winter is cold and severe with minimum
and maximum temperature recorded during January about 2 °C and 6 °C, respectively. The rainfall is
throughout the year and the monsoon rain from May to October. August is the rainiest month with an
average of about 111 mm. The average annual rainfall is about 546 mm. The maximum humidity has
been recorded in August during summer and in December during winter (Figure 1; Shah et al., 2001). The
common trees in this area are Ber, Surgulla, Sanatha, Phulal, Olea etc. All kind of roses, bougain villea,
kashmalo, gul-e-nargis, gui-e-dawoodi and other seasonal flowers are planted. Common wild life species
found are hare, jackal, wolf, fox, wild cat, chakor, black partridge, grey partridge, urial, chinkara, blue
bull, hogdeer, water fowl, see-see etc.
The major crops grown in the district are wheat, maize, chari and sugarcane (Figure 1; Ajaz et al.,
2003). Some biologists have made efforts to identify butterfly species, distribution and status. Pakistan
Museum of Natural History (PMNH) and Oxford University Museum (OUM) have been studied insect
diversity from Gilgit along Karakoram Highway to the Sino-Pakistan border at Khunjerab pass and
several selected valleys (Khan et al., 2000 and 2004). By 1999, they had recorded about 100 species of
butterflies, with new Texa. For example about 40 species of butterflies were recorded in Hunza during
2000 expeditions. Another document was reported on butterfly diversity in Skardu, Shigar, Karmang,
Sadpara, Kachura and Deosai plains (Abbas et al., 2001 and 2002).
Animal coloration strategies have long been a topic of interest to naturalist and philosophers, and even
featured prominently in Aristotle Historian Animalia, written more than 2000 years ago. In the nature,
there are much beautiful colors on the wings of butterflies. Scientists are still baffled about exactly, how
these colors are created. The diversity of colors and patterns on the wings of butterflies has caught the
attention of evolutionary biologists for more than a century (Lennox and Aristotle, 2001). They are very
sensitive to habitation degradation but also have a much more rapid passage of generation than higher
vertebrates and hence can be quicker to react to small changes in their environment than those of other
animals (Gardiner et al., 2005). The objective of the present research is to identify the butterflies’ fauna of
Kohat for awareness and education.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Identification
The study area, Kohat is located between 33°-04’ and 33°-34’ north latitudes and 70°-29’ and 72°-01' east
longitudes (Figure 1). Butterflies of different species were caught by the insect collecting net during
September-December 2008 from 5 sites of Kohat region, i.e., the university campus, Thanda Dame,
Company Bagh, KDA Park and Dodo Park. Each site was sampled after an interval of 3 days using an
insect net. Butterflies have been put in the cyanide bottle for killing. Then they were placed on a board for
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stretching their wings to measure their wingspan and inserted the insect pin into their thoracic region.
When their wings dried, they were arranged in the wooden box, in different rows with the
phenolphthalein balls for the protection from pests. They were identified comparing with already
preserved specimen, internet, literature available (Sabir et al., 2000; Munir et al., 2007), keys (Abbas et
al., 2002; Munir et al., 2007) and experts on the bases of their colors and spots which are present on their
wings upper and lower side. Allspecimens were then properly labeled.
Figure 1. Map of Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwan, Pakistan, sites of sampling in bold font (OCHA Pakistan, 2009).
3. Results
3.1. Families
In the present survey, twenty one (21) species were identified belonging to three different families and
6 subfamilies. In this study, family Nymphalidae is presented with two subfamilies, Nymphalinae having
28% and Satyrinae 5%, however, family Papilionidae with only one subfamily, i.e., Papilioninae covered
10%, moreover, family Pieridae with 3 subfamilies, Pierinae covered 24%, Coliaclinae 5% and
Coliadinae 28% of total collected species.
3.2. Classification
The collected butterflies were belonging to phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Lepidoptera
and families with subfamilies were as follows: family: Nymphalidae, subfamily: Nymphalinae, Indian
fritillary, Argynnis hyperbius (Linnaeus 1763); common castor, Ariadne merione (Cramer 1777); painted
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lady, Cynthia cardui (Linnaeus 1758); peacock pansy, Junonia almana (Linnaeus 1758); blue pansy, J.
orithya Linnaeus 1758; common leopard, Phalantha phalantha (Drury 1773); subfamily: Satyrinae,
white edged rock brown, Hipparchia parisatis (Kollar 1849); family: Papilionidae, subfamily:
Papilioninae, lime butterfly, Papilio demoleus Linnaeus 1758; common mormon, Pa. polytes Linnaeus
1758; family: Pieridae, subfamily: Coliaclinae, dark clouded yellow, Colias croceus (Geoffroy 1785);
subfamily: Coliadinae, lemon emigrant, Catopsilia Pomona Fabricius 1775; little orange tip, Colotis
etrida Boisduval 1836; blue spot arab, C. protractus Butler 1876; common grass yellow, Eumera hecab
(Linnaeus 1758); common brimstone, Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus 1758); yellow orange tip, Ixias
pyrene Linnaeus 1764; subfamily: Pierinae, pioneer white butterfly, Belenoi aurota Bingham 1907; large
cabbage white, Pieris brassicae Linnaeus 1758; Murree green-veined white, P. ajaka Moore 1865;greenveined white, P. napi (Linnaeus 1758); small cabbage white, P. rapae Linnaeus 1758.
Figure 2. Percentage (%) of dominant species belonging to six subfamilies of butterflies collected in Kohat, Pakistan.
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Table 1 The wingspans (mm) of different butterflies collected during September-December 2008 from Kohat, Pakistan.
3.4. Key to the butterfly families of Kohat, Pakistan
1a. With predominantly orange or pale brown colours, reduced forelegs, large prominent
knobs at the tips of their antennae…...……………………………….………………….Nymphalidae
1b. With predominantly black or dark colours……………………………………………………2
2a(1b). Diurnal, heliophilous (sun loving), medium to large in size.…..…………Papilionidae
2b. With predominantly white, creamy, yellow or light orange colours………………………….3
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3. With distinct spots underside and upper side of wings…………..………………….Pieridae
3.5. Key to the butterfly species of Kohat, Pakistan
1a. With predominantly orange or pale brown colours………………………..…………….……2
1b. With predominantly black or dark colours……………………………………………………3
1c. With predominantly white, creamy, yellow or light orange colours………………………….4
2(1a). Reduced forelegs, large prominent knobs at the tips of their
antennae…..................................…Nymphalidae
2a(1a)(i). Tawny-orange on upper surface with scattered black spots, with a dull blue
border to hindwings margin outlined with double black looped lines and a sub-marginal ring
of black spots, under hindwings bend with buff and broken bands of olive green……
Argynnis hyperbius
2a(1a)(i)I. A white band across the forewing apex and inky-blue bands below the white area
………………………………………………………………………………………… female
2a(1a)(i)II. A white band across the forewing apex and inky-blue bands below the white
area are absent ……………………………………………………………………………………. male
2a(1a)(ii). Forewings termini slightly concave with square cut apex, upper surfaces of both
wings rich chestnut brown double wavy lines of black interspersed cell with paler and rusty
brown distal areas……….…………………………………..………………………. Ariadne merione
2a(1a)(ii)I. Without a triangular black patch of scent scales on underside of
forewings…female
2a(1a)(ii)II. With a triangular black patch of scent scales on underside of forewings at base
of cell………………………………………………….…………………….…………… male
2a(1a)(iii). Both wings are heavily spotted with black and white spots in forewing apex,
which is rounded at tip, base of hindwings is covered with silky brown hairs (cilia), both
sexes are similar ………………………………………..…………………………..…………… Cynthia
cardui
2a(1a)(iv). Forewing with apex square cut but not pointed, uniformly orange-tawny on
upper surface with two conspicuous ocelli on fore and hind wings, both sexes are
similar…………. ………………………………………………………………….…………… Junonia
almanac
2a(1b)(v). Under hindwings with pale grayish-buff but brown bands are almost obsolete,
under forewings has narrow black paired lines across cell……….……………….…. Junonia
orithya
2a(1b)(v)I. Upper forewing is black except for apex, which is a buffy white with narrow
brown bands and a small panel of blue in tonal area is absent, upper hindwings are
iridescent blue with two red-brown centered black ringed more prominent
ocelli.……………………………female
2a(1b)(v)II. Upper forewing is black except for apex, which is a buffy white with narrow
brown bands and a small panel of blue in the tonal area, upper hindwings are iridescent
blue with two red-brown centered black ringed
ocelli……………….……………………………………male
2a(1b)(vi). Forewing apex is acute with termini slightly concave, four narrow wavy lines
across forewings cell and sub-marginal regions of both fore and hind wings, bear looped
black lines bordering black spots along margin……..……………………………….………. Phalantha
phalantha
2a(1b)(vi)I. Hind wing with two red-brown centered, black ringed ocelli are more prominent
and blue areas are duller.. ………………………………………………….…………………female
2a(1b)(vi)II. Upper forewing black except for apex which is a buffy white with narrow brown
bands and a small panel of blue in tonal area, hindwings are iridescent blue, with two redbrown
centered, black ringed ocelli. ………………………………….……………………………male
2a(1b)(vi). Very large butterfly, with a striking broad white outer border on both wings are
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much wider, and which is toothed along lower margin, both sexes are similar….Hipparchia
parisatis
3(1b). With predominantly black or dark colours…………………..…..…………..Papilionidae
3a(1b)(i). Black with pale yellow and orange chequered markings, a single large red spot
near tornus of hindwings, both sexes are similar.……………………….………….Papilio demoleus
3a(1b)((ii). Prominent tails on hindwings, mainly black, with a distal band of elongated
white spots on hindwing post-marginal area………………………………………… Papilio polytes
3a(1b)(ii)I. Without band of white spots on hindwings…………………….…….……… female
3a(1b)(ii)II. Creamy yellow band of white spots on hindwings which extends up to vein
7…male
4(1c). With distinct spots underside and upperside of wings……………………………Pieridae
4a(1c)( i). The veins on the upper side are tinged black, underside of hindwings have veins
conspicuously black and dusted with pale greenish-yellow, forewing tip is black with a distal
black spot in between veins 3 and 4.………………………………………………. Pieris napi
4a(1c)( i)I. more heavily marked in forewing tip black areas and no under hindwings tend to
be yellowed………………………………………………………………………….………female
4a(1c)( i)II. No heavily marked in forewing tip black areas………………………………male
4a(1c)(ii). Underside is pale yellow on both upper and hindwings, with margins dusted with
gray scales.…………………………………………………….………………..……. Pieris ajaka
4a(1c)(ii)I. Black markings on upper forewing are more prominent with veins heavily
outlined in black and a prominent black spot between veins 3 and
4……………………….……female
4a(1c)(ii)II. Black weak markings on upper forewing, not race of a black spot between veins
3 and 4………………………………………………………………………………………male
4a(1c)(iii). Mostly white or cream coloured with black tips to forewing, 1 or 2 large black
circular spots on central part of forewing, both sexes are similar…….……………. Pieris rapae
4a(1c)(iv). The largest of pierids and more boldly marked with black in apical area, inner
margin being smoothly rounded, costa is also dusted with black. ………………. Pieris
brassicae
4a(1c)( iv)I. Bolder black markings and two conspicuous black spots on upper side of
forewings .……………………………………………………………………………………..……female
4a(1c)( iv)II. No visible black spots on upper forewing but two conspicuous black spots on
underside above vein 1b and between veins 3 and 4………….………………………………male
4a(1c)(v). A broad black apical area on forewings enclosing five white spots, which are
pointed at outer margin and having a narrower black marginal border enclosing rounder
white spots…... ………………………………………………….…………………..…………. Belenois
aurota
4a(1c)(v)I. Apical area more broadly black with white spots almost obsolete, costa of
forewings is black. ………………………………………………………………….………………female
4a(1c)(v)II. Apical area less broadly black with white spots almost obsolete, costa of
forewings is not black ………………………………………………………………….………………male
4a(1c)(vi). A very characteristic forewing shape with costa near apex very rounded and
blow apex curving sharply inwards………………………………………………. Genopteryx rhamni
4a(1c)(vi)I. Whole of upper surface of wings is pale greenish-white, varying to creamy
white….. …………………………………………………………………………………..…………female
4a(1c)(vi)II. Whole of upper surface of wings is lemon yellow, with hindwings slightly more
greenish-yellow……………………………..………………………………………………male
4a(1c)(vii). Small butterfly, mostly yellow with broad black apical and terminal area of
forewings above above, black continuous inner margin of forewings, both sexes are similar..
……………………………………………………………………………………Eumera hecab
4a(1c)(viii). Pale greenish white or cream overall, wing bases lemon-yellow above, with one
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or two small silver spots edged pink in center of hindwing beneath, antennae red…………………
…………………………………………………………………….…………. Catopsilia pomona
4a(1c)(viii)I. Narrow black apical border extends very faintly down the terming, with
prominent black wing margins.……………………………………………………………..………female
4a(1c)(viii)II. Pale lemon-yellow overall, a very narrow black border in apical region……male
4a(1c)(ix). Upper surface is white with forewing apical area orange, bordered all around
black including inner side, outlined veins black cross orange tip.……………………. Coloti etrida
4a(1c)( ix)I. Two black spots on forewing below vein 1b and another below vein
3………female
4a(1b)( ix)II. No black spots on forewing below vein 1b and another below vein
3…………male
4a(1c)(x). Undersides are as paler yellow speckled with brown and black border are not
visible ……………………………………………………………………………………. Ixias pyrene
4a(1b)(x)I. White forewing, apical patch also white instead of orange…………………female
4a(1b)(x)II. brightly colored with lemon yellow wings broadly bordered with black around all
margins, and with apical area orange, bordered inwardly with black………..……………male
4a(1b)(xi). Salmon pink on upper wing surface but having broader black margins on
hindwings, forewings basally covered with fine blue-gray hairs and scales, cilia are pink, a
black spot or bar end cell visible on both upper and under forewings …………….…………….
Colotis protractus
4a(1b)(xi)I. Border areas forewings and hindwings are dark brown rather than
black……female
4a(1b)(xi)II. Border areas forewings and hindwings are black…………………………..male
4a(1b)(xii). A large black spot end cell on forewings, hind wings are dark basally being
dusted with blackish-orange, a prominent bright orange disco-cellular spot, underside is
dark greenish-yellow …………………………………………………………………………. Colias
croceus
4a(1c)(xii)I. Black borders which contain a series of small orange-yellow spots of uneven
size. …………………………………………………………………………………………female
4a(1c)(xii)II. Orange on upper surface with broad black outer borders lacking any small orange spots
……………………………………………………………..………………………male
4. Discussion
The present study was the second attempt to collect butterfly fauna of Kohat. Merckx and Van-Dyck
(2005) stated that nectar of butterfly-pollinated flowers contained generally higher levels of amino acids
than flowers pollinated by other animal. The butterflies play dual role, firstly as the pollinator, carries
pollen from one flower to another and secondly their larvae act as the pest, injurious to various crops.
Shah et al. (2001) made a survey of Kohat and collected 10 species belonging to only family Pieridae
from seven different localities over a period of 7 months during 1999. The present survey was made in the
same district and a total 21 species of butterflies were collected in which 21 species belonging to 3
different families from 5 different localities over a period of 4 months during 2008. The pioneer butterfly,
Anaphacis aurota F.; African clouded yellow, Colias electo (Linnaeus); Eastern pale clouded yellow,
Colias erata (Esper); Indian cabbage white, P. canidia (Linnaeus) and bath white, Pontia daplitdice
Linnaeus were reported previously while not found presently. However, Catopsilia pomona, Colias
croceus, Colotis protractus, Ixias pyrene, P. ajaka, P. napi and Belenoi aurota were reported presently
while not found previously. This difference may be due to the weather during collection periods or
collection error.
Parchem et al. (2007) stated that evolution of wings and adaptive properties of butterflies were made
them as a successful group on earth. The diversity of their shape, size and color patterns is a direct
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reflection of the important role and wings have played in the radiation of insects. Therefore, during the
present study wingspan of collected species has been studied. It was found that maximum wingspan was
found in Pa. polytes (90–100 mm) and minimum was of Colotis etrida (25–45 mm).
Verma et al. (2004) studied the genera of butterflies occurring in Pakistan, India, Sarilanka, Nepal,
Bhotan, Bangladish and Myanmar. They reviewed and cited many taxonomical papers. Their index
showed valid name of genus and species of butterflies from India region. They reported 15 genera of
Papalionidae, 25 Pieridae, 6 Danaidae of the same country. The present research was conducted to
determine butterflies fauna of Kohat region. Twenty (21) species were identified during the survey
belonging to 3 families including 7 species of family Namphalidae, 2 of Papilionidae and 12 of Pieridae.
Both studies were conducted in two different countries. The present study was restricted to a small area
and collecting period was also short. Van-Lien and Yuan (2003) conducted their survey on the species
composition, richness and abundance of Papilionoidea (excluding Lycaenidae) butterfly fauna in different
habitats with various degrees of disturbance and altitudes in tropical forests at the Tam Dao National
Park, the northern Vietnam in 2001. The results showed significant differences of butterfly diversity
among the different habitat types and between the low and high altitude sites. The butterfly diversity,
species richness and species abundance in the low elevation habitats were higher than in the high
elevation habitats. The highest diversity of butterflies occurred in the mixed habitats of agriculture, scrub
and clearing. During the present research, the surey was conducted in Kohat which is located between
33°-04’ and 33°-34’ north latitudes belonging to families Pieridae and Namphlidae and only 2 species
was belonging to the family Papilionidae. It is expected, if collection should be made in more time and
larger area great biodiversity would be observed. Sharma et al. (2006) studied the collection of butterflies
from Punjab new campus area from June to September study was based on the relationship of
temperature, humidity and population of butterflies the occurrence of butterflies was more in moderate
temperature but in June and September there were decline. Relationship between temperature and
population of butterflies was positive.
However, Fitzherbert et al. (2006) studied the diversity and the distribution of butterflies in the context
of ecological preference and altitude range, 90 species were recorded between Gilgit and Khunjerab at
high altitude. Some of them were highly distributed but other are less tolerant species present in colonies.
So isolation plays a very important role in evolution of many species and ecological races. In the future,
further research should be conducted with respect to the mention factors in Kohat.
Acknowledgement
We are grateful to Dr. Ather Rafi, Director, National Insect Museum, NARC, Islamabad for
identification of butterflies. The experiments comply with the current laws of the country in hich they
were performed.
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