Download The structure and Function of Macromolecules The Principles of

The structure and Function of
Macromolecules
IB Biology HL
Mr. E. McIntyre
Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
The Principles of Polymers
Monomers
Polymers
Condensation (dehydration)
Hydrolysis
Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides
Carbohydrates serve as fuel and
building material
• Carbohydrates include both sugars and their
polymers.
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Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose
Different views of the same monosaccharide monomer
Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharides
Figure 5.5x1 Disaccharides. Glucose (left), moltose (middle), and sucrose (right).
Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides
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Figure 5.6a Storage polysaccharides, starch and chloroplast in a plant cell
Glycogen:
Figure 5.6b Storage polysaccharides, glycogen
Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures compared
Figure 5.7x1 Starch and cellulose, molecular models. Starch (left) and cellulose (right)
Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls
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Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion, termite and Trichonympha
Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion, cow
Figure 5.9 Chitin, monarch emerging and surgical thread
Unnumbered Figure (page 65) Monomer of chitin
Lipids are a diverse group of
hydrophobic molecules
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Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
02_19_fatty side chains.jpg
Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids
Figure 5.11x Butter and oil
The partial hydrogenation
reconfigures most of the
double bonds that do not
become chemically saturated,
twisting them so that the
hydrogen atoms end up on
different sides of the chain.
Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid
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Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments
02_20_lipid membranes.jpg
Figure 5.14 Cholesterol: a steroid
Proteins have many structures and
many functions
Figure 5.14x Cholesterol, computer model
Proteins constitute most of the dry mass of a cell.
Percent of total cell weight
Component
E. coli
Mammalian cell
H2 O
Inorganic ions
Proteins
RNA
DNA
Phospholipids
Polysaccharides
Miscellaneous small metabolites
Total cell volume
Relative cell volume
70
1
18
6
1
2
2
3
2×10-12cm3
1
70
1
18
1.1
0.25
3
2
3
4×10-9cm3
2000
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Table 5.1 An Overview of Protein Functions
Protein structure and Function
Functions of proteins:
On membrane:
channels and pumps - traffic control
Enzymes:
Control chemical reactions (metabolism)
Message:
from one cell to another, or from
membrane to nucleus.
Movement:
Actin, tubulin, kinesin.
Antibodies, toxins, hormones, antifreezing, antibioling, elastic
fibers, etc.
Unnumbered Figure (page 68) Amino acid structure
Unnumbered Figure (page 82) L-amino acid and D-amino acid
Figure 5.15a The 20 amino acids of proteins
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Figure 5.15b The 20 amino acids of proteins
Figure 5.15c The 20 amino acids of proteins
Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain
Figure 5.17 Functional conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme
02_31_protein fold.jpg
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Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein
Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease
Sickle-cell anemia
Glutamic acid
Valine
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