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The cell ,,
Orgenelles
1. Cell membrane:
a- Lipid 30%
b- Proteins 60%
c- Carbohydrates 10%
Functions of cell membrane: >Protection and nutrition
2. Ribosome: > synthesis proteins
3. Mitochondria :> power house (power production)
4. Endoplasmic reticulum
a. Rough Endoplasmic reticulum > synthesis proteins
b. Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum :
. synthesis lipid, steroid hormones
. synthesis and breakdown glycogen
. detoxification
5. Golgi apparatus :> synthesis proteins
6. Lysosomes:
a. primary Lysosomes > in fetus(‫الجنين‬
b. secondary Lysosomes
* cytoskeleton
7. *Microtubules :
Giving shape to the cell
Spindle during cell division
8. *Microfilaments
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Inclusions
1. Stored food : glycogen , lipids
2. Pigments’:
a. Exogenous pigments e.g. tattoo
b. Endogenous pigments e.g. hemoglobin , melanin
Nucleus structure
1. Nuclear envelop
2. Chromatin :
A. Eu,chromatin ‫(( العادي النشط‬active =open face))
B. Hetro,chromatin ‫ الشاذ الغير نشط‬inactive
**inactive nucleus =pyknotic**
3. nucleolus >>>>formed by ribosome .rich in “rRNA”
4. Nuclear matrix
Nucleic Acid
1. DNA
2. RNA:”mRNA”, “rRNA”, “tRNA”
Cell division
Cell cycle:
1. Interphese: ‫حالة الخليه المستقره‬
2. Mitosis (end by 2 cells) : ....‫(بمات) ركز عليها الدكتور‬
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
3. Meiosis (end by 4 cells):
Special type produces germ cells ( ova ,spermatozoa)
2 successive division
a. Reductional division :
Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate and go to daughter cell
Each daughter cell end with half the number of chromosomes
b. Aquational division
((Each mother cell produce 4 cells ))
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number of chromosomes
1. 46 chromosomes = diploid >> one pair is called sex chromosome
2. 23 chromosome= haploid
Epithelium
Classification of epithelial tissue:
1. Epithelial membrane
2. Glandular Epithelium
3. Neuroepithelium > taste buds
# Epitheliaum membrane ( ‫(االمثله مهمه‬
1. Simple epitheliaum
a. Simple squamous epitheliaum > blood vessels
b. Simple cuboidel epitheliaum > meny glands
c. Simple columnar epitheliaum
.siliated : > smale bronchi of the lung
. striated (microvilli) : > intestine
2. Stratified epitheliaum
a. Stratified squamous epitheliaum
. non-keratinized >oral pharynx
. keratinized >skin
b. Stratified cuboidel epitheliaum >sweat gland
c. Stratified columnar epitheliaum> rare in man
3. Transitional epitheliaum :> urinary system
4. Pseudostratified colunmnar epitheliaum:
a. Ciliated > in the trachea
b. Non- Ciliated > large duct of gland
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Free surface specialization
1. Microvilli
2. Cilia
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‫الخاليا ترتكز على‬#
Basement membrane
…………………………………..
Glandular Epithelium
1.number of cell
a. unicellular > goblet cells
b.multicellular > sweat gland , sebaceous gland
2. nature of secretion:
a. mucus
b. serous
c.muco-serous
3. mode of secretion
a.merocrine
b.apocrine
c.holocrine
4.with duct>>>>Exocrine
5. without duct>>>>>Endocrine