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Inner Core © Prentice-Hall, Inc. Crust-to-Mantle Outer Core Mantle Crust 1 Exploring Earth’s Interior SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science Section From Surface to Center Cross 2 Evidence for Continental Drift SCIENCE EXPLORER Focus on Earth Science © Prentice-Hall, Inc. © Prentice-Hall, Inc. Rock formed when Earth's magnetic field was reversed Mid-ocean ridge Molten material Mantle Oceanic crust Rock formed when Earth's magnetic field was normal 3 Magnetic Stripes Along the Mid-Ocean Ridge SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science Old oceanic crust melts Continental crust Old oceanic crust Magma Oceanic crust Mantle Sea-floor spreading Newly formed oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge © Prentice-Hall, Inc. 4 Sea-Floor Spreading and Subduction SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science Tr e n ch 5 Earth’s Lithospheric Plates SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science © Prentice-Hall, Inc. SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science Oceanic crust Lithosphere Magma Trench Converging oceanic and continental plates Oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge Converging oceanic plates Trench Diverging oceanic plates 6 Exploring Plate Tectonics zo ne Su b d uc ti on Magma Rift valley Lithosphere Continental crust Converging continental plates © Prentice-Hall, Inc. 7 Continental Drift Since Pangaea SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science © Prentice-Hall, Inc. 225 million years ago 180–200 million years ago 135 million years ago 65 million years ago Earth today © Prentice-Hall, Inc. Tension Before stress Compression Shearing 8 Shearing, Tension, and Compression SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science © Prentice-Hall, Inc. Strike-slip fault Normal fault 9 Strike-Slip, Normal, and Reverse Faults SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science Reverse fault © Prentice-Hall, Inc. Wave d irection S Wave Wave d irection P Wave 10 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science 11 Exploring an Earthquake-Safe House © Prentice-Hall, Inc. B. Metal brackets C. Plywood nailed to ceiling joists D. Heavy items removed from walls A. L-shaped brackets SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science E. Plywood panels H. Frame bolted to foundation F. Metal connectors G. Water heater strapped to wall 12 Earth’s Active Volcanoes SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science © Prentice-Hall, Inc. © Prentice-Hall, Inc. d I n sla c ar g in t uc d b Su late p Volcano Oceanic crust re Asthenosphe Tr en ch Mid-ocean ridge 13 Volcanoes at Converging Boundaries SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science ch n e Tr Su pla bdu te ctin g Continental crust Volcano 14 Exploring a Volcano © Prentice-Hall, Inc. Crater Vent Side vent Lava SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science Lava flow Pipe Magma Magma chamber 15 Exploring Volcanic Mountains © Prentice-Hall, Inc. Shield Volcano Mauna Loa SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science Cinder Cone Volcano Sunset Crater Composite Volcano Mt. Hood Black Black Color Streak Metallic Magnetic 5.2 A source of iron used to make steel Luster Special Properties Density (g /cm3) Uses Cubic 6 Hardness Crystal System Magnetite Name Used in making glass and electronic equipment 2.6 No Glassy Hexagonal Colorless Transparent or in a range of colors 7 Quartz 1 2 Contains titanium, used in aircraft and cars 4.2–4.3 No Metallic or gemlike Tetragonal Light brown Black or reddish brown 6ⴚ6 Rutile Used in fungicides and industrial chemicals 2.0–2.1 No Greasy Orthorhombic White 1 ⴚ4 2 A source of copper metal 3.8 Reacts to acid Glassy to dull or earthy Monoclinic Pale blue Blue 3 Azurite © Prentice-Hall, Inc. Lemon yellow to yellowish brown 2 Sulfur 16 Properties and Uses of Minerals SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science Used in pottery glaze and scouring powder 2.6 No Glassy Triclinic Colorless Green, redbrown, pink, or white 6 Microcline Feldspar © Prentice-Hall, Inc. Cracks in oceanic crust Ocean floor Chimney Magma (heat source) Hot mineral solution Cold seawater Mineral deposits 17 Formation of Mineral Deposits on Ocean Floor SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science © Prentice-Hall, Inc. 18 Exploring Smelting Iron Ore 1. Ore mixture added. 2. Ore mixture placed in blast furnace. 3. Chemical changes produce iron and carbon dioxide gas. 4. Iron and slag sink to bottom. 5. Molten iron and slag are poured off. Skip hoist SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science Blast furnace Cokelimestoneiron ore mixture Coke Slag Heated air Iron ore and limestone Slag ladle Molten iron Hot metal car 19 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science © Prentice-Hall, Inc. 20 Exploring the Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rock SCIENCE EXPLORER Earth Science © Prentice-Hall, Inc. Igneous Rock Magma Metamorphic Rock
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