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The Endocrine System or “Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Hormones” Chemical Control • A change in the environment or a malfunction of one organ affects an entire animal • However, animals may continue to function because of compensations made by two control systems: the nervous system and the endocrine system • The nervous system enables the body to adjust quickly to changes, while the endocrine system maintains control over a longer period of time The Endocrine System • The trillions of cells in your body all interact with one another. This is coordinated through the endocrine system of the body • Works with the nervous system to integrate and control homeostatic mechanisms • Composed of glands scattered throughout the body that secrete chemical signals called hormones Endocrine Hormones • “Chemical signals” or “chemical messengers” • Secreted by glands directly into the blood stream and transported by the Circulatory System • Effects are often slow and long-lasting • Examples: – Growth Hormone (GH) – Insulin – Epinephrine (adrenaline) Hormones • Discovered in 1889 by Joseph von Mering & Oscar Minkowski (Insulin dog pancreas experiment) • Some glands produce a number of different hormones, and several hormones may act together to produce a single effect • Often very little hormone is needed to produce an effect in the body Pituitary Gland – The “Master” Gland • Exercises control over other endocrine glands, but is actually controlled itself by the hypothalamus • Small, sphere-like organ at the base of the brain • Connected to the hypothalamus (p376) • Produces and stores hormones Pituitary Gland – The “Master” Gland • Composed of 2 distinct lobes: the posterior lobe and the anterior lobe Pituitary Gland – The “Master” Gland posterior: stores hormones (ADH & oxytocin) produced in the hypothalamus, which travel along specialized nerve cells and are released when necessary anterior: stimulated by hormones from the hypothalamus to produce & release its own hormones (FSH, LH, TSH, etc.) *(Figure 6 on pg. 376) CHALLENGE!! • The class will be split into 2 groups. Each group will dramatically demonstrate the actions of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hormones and target cells/organs • Use cue cards and markers to illustrate which components of the system each person represents • Be sure to include details such as what each hormone does and which component is stimulating which • Use pg. 375-377 of your textbook to help you • Mr. Byrnes and Mrs. Wood will judge which group has been the most successful! You have 5 minutes. GO!! Hormones: How do they work? • Hormones do not affect all cells • Cells must have a receptor for a hormone in order for that hormone to have any affect! (Receptors are specific to specific hormones) • The number of receptors on individual cells may also vary Hormones: How do they work? • There are 2 types of hormones: steroid hormones and protein hormones Steroid hormones - made up of cholesterol (lipid) and so are soluble in fats but not water – Ex. male & female sex hormones, cortisol Protein hormones – made up of (surprise!) protein and so are soluble in water but not fats – Ex. Insulin and Growth Hormone (GH) Steroid Hormones (pg. 374) • Diffuse from the capillaries right through the cell membrane, and bind to a receptor molecule • The resulting hormone-receptor complex enters the cell nucleus and binds to DNA • The hormone activates a gene that produces a specific protein Protein Hormones (pg. 374) • Combine with receptors on the cell membrane. (Why?) • Form a hormone-receptor complex that activates an enzyme called adenylyl cyclase • Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP) • cAMP is a secondary messenger (the hormone itself is the primary messenger), activating other enzymes in the cell CHALLENGE!! • The class will again be split into 2 groups. One group will act out he method of action of steroid hormones, the other will act out the method of action of protein hormones • Use cue cards and markers to illustrate which components of the system each person represents • Be sure to include details about how your category of hormones works • Use pg. 374-375 of your textbook to help you • You have 5 minutes. GO!!