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Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection AP Biology Raven Chapters 1 & 22 2006-2007 Science happens within a culture What was the doctrine of the time? AP Biology TINTORETTO The Creation of the Animals 1550 Then along comes Darwin… 1831-1836 AP Biology 22 years old! Then along comes Darwin… & those dang finches! Descendant species Warbler finch Cactus finch Ancestral Woodpecker finch species Sharp-beaked finch Small ground finch Small insectivorous tree finch Large insectivorous tree finch Cactus eater Medium ground finch Insect eaters Seed eaters Vegetarian tree finch AP Biology Bud eater Large ground finch Darwin’’s finches Differences in beaks allowed some finches to… successfully compete successfully feed successfully reproduce pass successful AP Biology traits onto their offspring In historical context Other people’’s ideas paved the path for Darwin’’s thinking competition: struggle for survival population growth exceeds food supply land masses change over immeasurable time AP Biology Voyage: 1831-1836 November 24, 1859, Darwin published “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”” AP Biology Correlation of species to food source Seed eaters Flower eaters Insect eaters Rapid speciation: new species filling niches, because they inherited successful adaptations. AP Biology radiation Adaptive Beak variation in Galapagos finches (a) Cactus eater. The long, sharp beak of the cactus ground finch (Geospiza scandens) helps it tear and eat cactus flowers and pulp. AP Biology (c) Seed eater. The large ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris) has a large beak adapted for cracking seeds that fall from plants to the ground. (b) Insect eater. The green warbler finch (Certhidea olivacea) uses its narrow, pointed beak to grasp insects. Glyptodont fossils Sloth fossils Modern sloth Modern armadillos AP Biology Why should extinct species & living species be found on the same continent? Essence of Darwin’’s ideas Natural selection heritable variation exists in populations over-production of offspring more offspring than the environment can support competition for food, mates, nesting sites, escape predators differential survival successful traits = adaptations differential reproduction adaptations become more AP Biology common in population Where does Variation come from? Mutation random changes to DNA errors in mitosis & meiosis environmental damage Sexual reproduction mixing of alleles genetic recombination new arrangements of alleles in every offspring new combinations = new phenotypes AP Biology LaMarckian vs. Darwinian view LaMarck in reaching higher vegetation giraffes stretch their necks & transmits the acquired longer neck to offspring Darwin AP Biology giraffes born with longer necks survive better & leave more offspring who inherit their long necks Big Idea 1 The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life cells DNA AP Biology What are the 4 lines of evidence that support Darwin’’s ideas?… Human Macaque Dog Bird 8 32 45 Frog Lamprey 67 125 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 AP Biology 1. What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’’s ideas? Fossil record 550 500 Body size (kg) 450 Equus 400 350 300 250 Merychippus 200 150 Mesohippus Hyracotherium 100 50 Nannippus 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 AP Biology Millions of years ago 0 Evolution of birds Archaeopteryx lived about 150 mya links reptiles & birds Smithsonian Museum, AP Biology Washington, DC Evolution of land animals 2006 Fossil Discovery of Early Tetrapod “Tiktaalik”” “missing link” ” from sea to land animals from swimming (0 legs) to walking (4 legs) AP Biology Evolution of marine mammals Land Mammal ? ? ? ? But then, they actually found my fossil! At first, I was just a joke ! AP Biology Aquatic Mammal 2. What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’’s ideas? Terminal bud Lateral buds Cabbage Artificial selection Brussels sprouts Leaves Flower cluster Kale Cauliflower Stem Flower and stems Broccoli AP Biology Wild mustard Kohlrabi Selective breeding the raw genetic material (variation) is hidden there AP Biology Natural selection in action Resistance… NOT immunity! AP Biology MRSA 3. What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’’s ideas? Anatomical evidence AP Biology Homologous structures spines leaves succulent leaves Don’’t forget our plant friends! AP Biology needles colored leaves tendrils Analogous structures Convergent Don’ ’t be fooled by evolution their looks! Those tails Does fins this & mean & sleek they bodies have a are recent common ancestor? analogous structures ! Solving a similar problem with a similar solution AP Biology Convergent evolution marsupial mammals AP Biology These animals look very similar but does that mean they have a recent common ancestor? What is this evidence of? placental mammals Parallel/convergent evolution Niche Burrower Placental Mammals Mole Australian Marsupials Convergent evolution of analogous Marsupial mole burrowing characteristics Anteater Anteater Nocturnal insectivore Mouse Climber Numbat Marsupial mouse Spotted cuscus Lemur Glider Stalking predator AP Biology Chasing predator Flying squirrel Sugar glider Ocelot Tasmanian cat Wolf Tasmanian “wolf”” Vestigial organs These are Why would whales remnants of have pelvis & leg bones structures that were if they were always functional in sea creatures? ancestral species AP Biology 4. What are the lines of evidence that support Darwin’’s ideas? Human Macaque Dog Bird Frog Lamprey The sequence in DNA proteins Why &compare is a &molecular DNA proteins record of evolutionary across species? relationships. Comparative hemoglobin structure 8 32 45 67 125 Why compare these genes? 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 compare common genes Number of amino acid differencesbetween hemoglobin (146 aa) of vertebrate species and that of humans C (respiration) cytochrome AP Biology hemoglobin (gas exchange) Building “family”” trees AP Biology Genome sequencing What can data from whole genome sequencing tell us about evolution of humans? AP Biology Primate Common Ancestry? Chromosome Number in the Great Apes (Hominidae) orangutan (Pogo) gorilla (Gorilla) chimpanzee (Pan) human (Homo) 48 48 48 46 Could we have just lost a pair of chromosomes? Hypothesis: Change in chromosome number? If these organisms share a common ancestor, then is there evidence in the genome for this change in AP Biology chromosome number Chromosomal fusion Testable prediction: If common ancestor had 48 chromosomes (24 pairs), then humans carry a fused chromosome (23 pairs). What we should find: Ancestral Chromosomes Fusion Chromosome Number in the Great Apes (Hominidae) orangutan (Pogo) 48 gorilla (Gorilla) 48 Testable!48 chimpanzee (Pan) This is what makes human (Homo) 46 evolution science AP Biology & not belief! Homo sapiens Inactivated centromere Telomere sequences in middle of chromosome Centromere: bonding point between chromosomes Telomere: at ends of chromosomes Hillier et al (2005) “Generation and Annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4,” Nature 434: 724 – 731. Guess what we found?!? Ancestral Chromosome 2 in Chromosomes Fusion Homo sapiens “Chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage of evolution, having emerged as a result of head-to-head fusion of two chromosomes that remained separate in Inactivated other primates. The precise fusion site has centromere been located in 2q13–2q14.1, where our analysis confirmed the presence of multiple Telomere subtelomeric duplications to chromosomes 1, sequences in middle of 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 21 and 22. During the chromosome formation of human chromosome 2, one of the two centromeres became inactivated (2q21, which corresponds to the centromere Well I’ll from chimp chromosome 13) and the be a monkey’s centromeric structure quickly deterioriated.” …or an ape’s… uncle! Human Chromosome #2 shows the exact point at which this fusion took place AP Biology "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." -- Theodosius Dobzhansky March 1973 Geneticist, Columbia University (1900-1975) AP Biology 2006-2007 Evolution is "so overwhelmingly established that it has become irrational to call it a theory." -- Ernst Mayr What Evolution Is 2001 Professor Emeritus, Evolutionary Biology Harvard University (1904-2005) AP Biology 2006-2007 Don’t be a Dodo… Ask Questions!! AP Biology 2006-2007