Download File - geography and history 1eso social studies

Respond to the following
questions in your group
• What do you know about the sky
above your head?
• What is weather and why does it
change?
• Why is it hot at the equator and cold at
the poles?
4 MINUTES TO THINK AND WRITE THE ANSWERS
ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere is a
layer of gases that
surrounds earth and
protects it from solar
radiation.
Atmosphere makes life
possible because:
It contains vital gases for
life.
It regulates the Earth´s
temperature.
The ozone layer is a
barrier against ultraviolet
radiation.
It protects the Earth from
meteorites.
TROPOSPHERE
METEOROLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
SUCH AS CLAUDS
AND
PRECIPITATION
STRATOSPHERE
MESOSPHERE
IT CONTAINS THE
OZONE LAYER THAT
ABSORBS
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
FROM THE SUN.
THIS PREVENT
HARMFUL
RADIATION FROM
REACHING THE
EARTH´S SURFACE
TEMPERATURES
ARE VERY LOW.
THE TOP PART OF
THIS LAYER IS
THE COLDEST
PART OF THE
ATMOSPHERE
TERMOSPHERE
EXOSPHERE
THE POLAR
AURORAS
OCCUR IN THIS
LAYER.
TEMPERATURES
ARE VERY HIGH
IT IS THE LAST
LAYER BEFORE
OUTER SPACE.
ARTIFICIAL
SATELLITES ORBIT
IN THE EXOSPHERE.
TEMPERATURES
ARE EXTREMELY
HIGH
WEATHER
Continuous movement of
the air in the atmosphere
causes the changes in the
weather
The weather is
changeable
Characteristics of air
currents:
THE CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE
PRECIPITATION
RAIN
HAIL
SNOW
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
WIND
Climate Zones
THE ATHMOSPHERE
DEFINITION
The atmosphere is the layer of gases (mainly oxygen and nitrogen) that
surrounds the Earth and protect it from solar radiation. It is about 1.000km
wide and is divided into layers.
WHY DOES THE ATMOSPHERE MAKE
LIFE ON EARTH POSSIBLE?
•IT CONTAINS GASES THAT ARE VITAL FOR LIVING
CREATURES
•THE OZONE LAYER FILTERS ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
THAT ARE DAMAGING FOR LIVING THINGS.
•IT REGULATES THE TEMPERATURE OF THE EARTH,
PREVENTING IT FROM GETTING TOO HOT DURING
THE DAY AND TOO COOL DURING THE NIGHT.
•IT MINIMISES THE IMPACT OF METEORITES AND
OTHER PARTICLES FROM OUTER SPACE
THE WEATHER
DEFINITION
IT IS THE CONDITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE AT A GIVEN TIME AND PLACE.
WHY DOES THE WEATHER VARY ?
WEATHER VARIES BECAUSE THE
MASSES OF AIR IN THE ATMOSPHERE
ARE CONSTANTLY MOVING, FORMING
A CIRCUIT KNOWN AS THE GENERAL
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION
BUT, WHY ARE
MASSES OF AIR
CONSTANTLY
MOVING?
BECAUSE THEY HAVE DIFFERENT
CHARACTERISTICS DEPENDING ON THE REGIONS
WHERE THEY ARE FORMED.
THEY CAN BE CHARACTERIZADED BY THEIR
PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY
THERE ARE HIGH
AND LOW
PRESSURE
SYSTEMS
CURRENTS ARE COLD
WHEN THE AIR COMES
FROM THE POLES OR
WARM IF IT COMES
FROM TROPICAL AREAS
CURRENTS CAN BE HUMID
IF THEY HAVE COME FROM
OR TRAVEL OVER THE SEA,
OR DRY IF THEY COME
FROM OR TRAVEL OVER
CONTINENTS
THE CLIMATE
DEFINITION
THE CLIMATE IS THE AVERAGE STATE OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN A REGION
DURING A LONG PERIOD OF TIME (BETWEEN THIRTY AND FORTY YEARS)
HOW CAN A CLIMATE BE
DETERMINED?
BY STUDYING
THEIR
ELEMENTS AND
FACTORS
ELEMENTS
FACTORS
THE ELEMENTS OF THE CLIMATE ARE
MEASURABLE COMPONENTS OF THE
ATMOSPHERE, THEIR SET OF ACTIONS DEFINE
THE CLIMATE OF A PLACE.
THE FACTORS OF A CLIMATE ARE THE AGENTS
WHICH PERMANENTLY INFLUENCE AND
MODIFY ITS ELEMENTS.
TEMPERATURE
LATITUDE
PRECIPITATION
ALTITUDE
DISTANCE FROM
THE SEA
AIR PRESSURE
WIND
WHICH OF THESE ARE FACTORS
AND WHICH ARE ELEMENTS?
ELEMENTS
FACTORS
TEMPERATURE
PRECIPITATION
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
WIND
LATITUDE
ALTITUDE
DISTANCE FROM
THE SEA
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
DEFINITION
It is the degree of warmth in the It is the water that falls from It is the weight of the air
air.
the clouds onto the surface on the Earth.
of the Earth.
INSTRUMENT of It is measured with a
It is measured with a
It is measured with a
MEASURE
thermometer
pluviometer
barometer
MEASURE
It is expressed in degrees (oC)
It is expressed in millimetres It is expressed in millibars
(mm) or l/m2
(mb).
REPRESENT
We use isotherms to represent We use isohyets to
We use isobars to
ATION
the
represent the temperature represent the
temperature in a map.
on a map.
temperature on a map.
Temperatures decrease as we
There is less precipitation as
LATITUDE move away from the equator. we move further away from
the equator.
The temperature falls 0.64oC for Precipitation is more
Pressure decreases the
ALTITUDE every 100 metre increase in
frequent the higher the
higher the altitude
height (adiabatic gradient)
altitude.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
TEMPERATURE
CLIMATE ELEMENTS
PRECIPITATION
DISTANCE
FROM
THE
SEA
The sea moderates the
temperature because the water
in seas and oceans changes
temperature more slowly
than the surface of the Earth
does.
Precipitation is usually more
abundant in
coastal areas.
THE LETTER L SHOWS
LOW PRESSURE
AREAS,OR DEPRESSIONS.
IN THESE AREAS THERE
MAY BE RAIN AND
STORMS
WIND
Wind is the air horizontal in
movement.
Its strength is measured with an
anemometer.
It is expressed in kilometers per
hour.
Its direction is represented by a
weather vane.
CLIMATE ZONES
METEOROLOGY
IT IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE
WEATHER
HAILSTONE
SMALL BALLS OF ICE THAT FALL LIKE
RAIN FROM THE SKY
TEMPERATE ZONE
LOCATED BETWEEN THE TWO TROPICS
AND THE POLAR CIRCLES. TEMPERATE
CLIMATE AND FOUR SEASONS.
DEPRESSIONS
AREAS WHERE THE PRESSURE IS LOWER
THAN 1013 MB
ANTICYCLONES
AREAS WHERE THE PRESSURE IS HIGHER
THAN 1013 MB
CLIMATOLOGY
IT IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF CLIMATE
TORNADO
IT IS A VIOLENT WIND STORM CONSISTING OF A
TALL COLUMN OF AIR WHICH SPINS AROUND
VERY FAST AND CAUSES A LOT OF DAMAGE
HUMUS LAYER
It is the part of soil which consists of dead
plants that have begun to decay.
SCRUBLAND
It is an area of land covered with low trees
and bushes, no taller than 4 meters.
OZONE LAYER
It is the part of the Earth's atmosphere that has
the most ozone in it. It protects living things from
the harmful radiation of sun.
PARENT ROCK
Rock under the soil .
WEATHER VANE
A device that indicates the direction of the
wind.
THE ATHMOSPHERE
its layers
EXOSPHERE
IONOSPHERE
where we find
THE
WEATHER
determined by
THE CLIMATE
determined by
affecting
MESOPHERE
PRESSURE
ELEMENTS
FACTORS
CLIMATE
ZONES
LIVING
THINGS
STRATOSPHERE
HUMIDITY
LATITUDE
TEMPERATURE
WARM
VEGETATION
TROPOSPHERE
TEMPERATURE
ALTITUDE
PRECIPITATION
COLD
FAUNA
DISTANCE FROM
THE SEA
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
TEMPERATE
HUMAN
BEINGS
WIND
SOIL
TEMPERATURE
CLIMATE ELEMENTS
PRECIPITATION
ATMOSPHE PRESSURE
WIND
DEFINITION
It is the degree of warmth in the air.
It is the water that falls from
the clouds
onto the surface of the Earth.
It takes different forms: rain,
snow and
hail.
It is the weight of the air on the
Earth.
Wind is the air horizontal in
movement. The wind takes warm
air into cold areas and cold air into
warm areas. This is how the tempe
rature of the Earth maintains
an equilibrium.
INSTRUMENT of
MEASURE
It is measured with a thermometer
It is measured with a
pluviometer
It is measured with a barometer
Its strength is measured with an
anemometer.
MEASURE
It is expressed in degrees (oC)
It is expressed in milimitres
(mm) or litres
per square metre (l/m2)
It is expressed in millibars (mb).
It is expressed in kilometers per
When they
hour.
are higher than 1.013 mb are called
anticyclones and when they are
lower,
depressions.
REPRESENTATION
We use isotherms to represent the
temperature in a map.
We use isohyets to represent
the
temperature in a map.
We use isobars to represent the
temperature in a map.
Temperature decrease as we move
away from the equator.
There is less precipitation as we
move
Further away from the
equator.
The temperature falls 0.64oC for
every 100 metre increase in height
(adiabatic gradient)
Precipitation is more frequent Pressure decreases the higher the
the higher
altitude
the altitude.
The sea moderates the temperature
because the water in seas and oceans
changes temperature more slowly
than the surface of the Earth does.
Precipitation is usually more
abundant in
coastal areas.
OTHERS
FACTORS THAT
INFLUENCE
LATITUDE
ALTITUDE
DISTANCE
FROM THE
SEA
Air temperature: warm is lighter
so it
tends to rise, causing low pressures
(depress
sions). Cold air is heavier so it
tends to
descend and form anticyclones.
Its direction is represented by a
weather vane.
Wind is caused by differences in
pressure. The wind always blow
from a high pressure area towards
a low pressure one.